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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Iatrogenic disease.
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A disease caused by medical care.
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What are the main routes of metastasis ?
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1. Haematogenous
2. Lymphatic 3. Transceolomic 4. Iatrogenic |
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True or false: Neurofibromatosis is a autosomal dominant disease.
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True.
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Define: Charistoma.
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A mass of histologically normal tissue found in an abnormal place.
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Define: Carcinoma in situ.
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The presence of malignant cells that have not yet invaded deeper tissue.
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Define: Atresia.
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The failure of a lumen to develop in a normally tubular epithelial structure.
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Define: Hyperplasia.
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An increase in the number of cells due to miototic division.
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Define: Apoptosis.
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Programmed cell death.
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List the types of apoptosis.
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1. Morphogenic
2. Histogenic 3. Phylogenic |
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Name the different types of acute inflammation with examples.
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1. Serous - Peritonitis
2. Catarrhal - Common cold 3. Fibrinous - Pericarditis 4. Haemorrhagic - Meningococcal septicaemia 5. Suppurative 6. Membranous - Pharyngitis 7. Pseudomembranous - Pseudomembranous colitis 8. Necrotising - Gangrenous appendicitis |
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Name the fates of a thrombus.
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1. Lysis and resolution
2. Organisation and scar 3. Embolus 4. Recanalisation 5. Scar and residual thrombus |
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List the different types of necrosis.
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1. Coagulative
2. Colliquidative 3. Caseous 4. Gangrene 5. Fibrinoid 6. Fat |
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Define: Free radicals.
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Atoms/molecules with unpaired electrons that form chemical bond. They are highly reactive and chemically unstable.
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Where are free radicals involved ?
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1. Ionising radiation
2. Toxicity of some poisons 3. Oxygen toxicity 4. Tissue damage in inflammation 5. Extra cellular killing of bacteria |
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Define: Transduction.
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Transfer of bacterial DNA between bacteria via a bacteriophage.
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List five ways which bacteria can evade antibiotics.
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1. Change in cell wall permeability
2. Change in target site 3. Increase in efflux pumps 4. Change in metabolic pathway 5. Enzyme break-down |
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Classify fungi according to their morphology and give an example of each.
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1. Yeast - Candida albicans
2. Mould - Dermatophytes 3. Dimorphic - Histoplasma |
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What are the main functions of von Willebrand's factor ?
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1. Promotes platelet adhesion
2. Carrier for factor VIII |
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Define: Haemostasis.
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Stagnation of the blood.
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Name 2 causes of hyponatraemia.
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1. Renal failure
2. Water overload |
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Define: Tumour markers.
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Blood chemicals that when increased, might indicate the presence of a tumor.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? PSA.
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Prostate carcinoma.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? Calcitonin.
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Thyroid cancer.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? MEN.
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Medullary carcinoma of thyroid.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? ACTH.
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Lung cancer.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? AFP.
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Liver + testicular cancer.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? CEA.
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Colon carcinoma, pancreatitis and breast cancer.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? CA-15-3.
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Breast carcinoma.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? CA-125.
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Ovarian cancer.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? CA-19-9.
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Pancreatic carcinoma.
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Define: Granuloma.
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Aggregate of epitheliod macrophages/histiocytes.
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Define: Granulation tissue.
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Component of healing comprised of small blood vessels in connective tissue matrix with myofibroblast.
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Name the three components of Virchow's triad.
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1. Change in blood vessels
2. Change in blood flow 3. Change in blood constituents |
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Name four common terminal events affecting dying patients.
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1. Bed sores
2. Venous thrombosis 3. Osteoporosis and muscle wasting 4. Hypostatic pneumoniae |
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Define: Teratoma.
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Neoplasm formed of cells representing all 3 germ layers. Arise from totipotent stem cells.
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Define: Mortality.
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The number of deaths in a given time.
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Define: Morbidity.
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The relative incidence of a particular disease.
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What is the difference between a benign and malignant neoplasm.
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Benign-
1. Grows slowly 2. Well differentiated 3. Localized 4. No metastases 5. Often encapsulated 6. Usually not fatal Malignant- 1. Grows quickly 2. Poorly differentiated 3. Invasive 4. Metastases 5. Poorly define border 6. Often fatal |
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Describe the process of Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
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1. Take sample an make a thin even smear
2. Dye with a strong red dye 3. Warm gently with flaming cotton wool 4. Wash with sulfuric acid 5. Stain with a blue dye |
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List the main functions of proteins and an example of each.
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1. Transport - Transferrin
2. Protease inhibitor - Alpha-1antitrypsin 3. Immunity - Immunoglobulins 4. Oncotic pressure - Albumin |
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Name 2 ways to differentiate transudates from exudates when examining pleural fluid.
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1. Albumin gradient <12 g/l = Exudate
2. Cholesterol >1.55 = Exudate |
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? HVA.
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Neuroblastoma.
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The follow tumour marker is indicative of ? VMA.
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Phaeochromocytoma.
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List the factors that influence BBB permeability.
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1. Inflammation
2. Toxins 3. Neurovascularisation 4. Thyroid hromones stabilise 5. Age |
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List the clinical manifestations of hyperlipidaemia.
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1. Xanthomata
2. Corneal Arcus 3. Xanthelasma 4. Arteriosclerosis |
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Define: Osmolal gap.
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The difference between measured and calculated osmolarity. EtOH, anti-freeze or pseudohyponatraemia might be present.
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Give the formula for osmolarity.
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Osmolarity = (2Na+) + urea + glucose (mmol/l)
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List 4 causes of decreased plasma proteins.
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1. Decreased synthesis: Malabsorption, malnutrition, liver disorder
2. Increased vol. of distribution: Overhydrations, drips, pregnancy 3. Increased excretion: Protein losing enteropathy 4. Increase catabolism: Catabolic conditions, nephrotic syndrome, burns, spesis |
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List 3 hormones that regulate water in the body.
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1. ADH
2. Aldosterone 3. Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) |
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What naturally occurring anticoagulant degrades activated factor VIII and V ?
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Protein C.
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Define: Thrombophilia.
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'Love' to clot.
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Define: Prion.
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Protein infective agents with no nucleic acid, e.g. Kuru, Cruetzfeldt Jacob disease.
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Give the advanced directives when addressing terminally ill patients.
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1. Ask about life sustaining measures
2. Does the patient have a living will 3. Is the patient an organ donor 4. If the patient is unable to give directives ask the family |
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List the four categories by which unnatural death is defined.
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1. Application of force to the body
2. Procedure related deaths 3. Sudden/unexpected death 4. Omission/Commission |
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Give one example of the following disease:
1. Autosomal dominant 2. Autosomal recessive 3. Abnormal amount of autosomes 4. X linked |
1. Albinism
2. Cystic fibrosis 3. Downs syndrome 4. Haemophilia |
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What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis ?
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Apoptosis-
1. Physiological or pathological 2. Single cell death 3. Maintained cell membrane integrity 4. Cell shrinkage and fragmentation 5. No inflammation 6. Cells ingested by neighbors Necrosis- 1. Pathological 2. Cell group death 3. Cell membrane integrity lost 4. Cell swelling and lysis 5. Usually inflammation 6. Phagocytosed by neutrophils |
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Name the principles of correct specimen collection.
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1. Take patient history
2. Physical examination 3. Carefully select and collect specimen 4. Label specimen 5. Fill in lab request form 6. Rapid delivery to lab |
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List causes of raised LDH.
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1. Myocardial infarction
2. Hepatitis 3. Haemolysis 4. Haematological malignancies |
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Define: Ischaemia.
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The result of impaired perfusion. Tissue is deprived from vital nutrients and oxygen. Damage may be reversible or may cause infarction.
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Define: Infarction.
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Ishaemic death of tissue within the living body due to restricted blood supply.
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Define: Shock.
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A state of circulatory collapse.
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List the different shapes of bacteria.
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1. Cocci
2. Bacilli 3. Spirochetes 4. Vibrio |
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List the 6 categories into which bacteria is divided into.
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1. Bacteria proper
2. Mycoplasma 3. Actinomycetes 4. Chlamydia 5. Spirochetes 6. Ricketsia |
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Describe the process of Gram staining.
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1. Use a sterile needle to take a sample
2. Make a thin smear 3. Fix over flame 4. Dye with a purple dye and wash with iodine 5. Wash with acetone 6. Dye with a red dye |
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Describe the process, in the lab, of testing a specimen.
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1. Examine specimen, label and request form
2. Record nature of specimen 3. Suspicious parts for wet preparation and staining 4. Culture specimen 5. Subject culture to appropriate tests 6. Final report to physician |
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Define: Plasmid.
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Extra chromosomal, circular DNA encodes for antibiotic resistance and toxin production.
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Name the processes which causes genetic variation in bacteria.
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1. Mutation
2. Transformation 3. Transduction 4. Conjugation |
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Define: Transformation.
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Bacteria take up exogenous DNA after another bacteria has been lysed.
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Define: Conjugation.
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Plasmid transferal between two bacteria via sex pilus.
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Define: Virulence.
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How severe an infection if as opposed to other strains of the same specie.
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Define: Pathogenesis.
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Compares severity of infections caused by different species.
OR The mechanism by which the aetiological agent causes the disease. |
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Define: Bacteriostatic.
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Prevents growth.
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Define: Bactericidal.
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Kills bacteria/organism.
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Define: Sterilization.
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Free article of all living matter, including spores.
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Define: Disinfection.
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Free article of some living matter, not including spores.
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Define: Antiseptic.
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Skin disinfectants.
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What is the difference between an obligate and a facultative anaerobe ?
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A facultative anaerobe can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, an obligate anaerobe can only live in the absence of oxygen.
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Name different ways by which disease can be spread.
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1. Person-person
2. Food/water 3. Vector 4. Fomites 5. Vertical OR 1. Airoborne 2. Droplet 3. Contact |
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Define: Commensal flora.
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Organisms that are normally present but are not harmful.
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Define: Colonizing flora.
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Organisms that are not normally present but may or may not be harmful.
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Define: Pathogen.
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Organisms that are normally or not normally present and do cause harmful effects.
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Name 3 virulence factors.
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1. Toxins
2. Adherence 3. Immune evasion |
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List the different cell wall synthesis inhibiting antibiotics. Give an example of each.
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1. Penicillin - Amoxicillin
2. Cephalosporins - Cephazolin 3. Carbapenems - Imipenem 4. Glycopeptides - Vancomycin |
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List the different protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics. Give an example of each.
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1. Aminoglycosides - Gentamicin
2. Tetracycline 3. Macrolides - Erythromycin 4. Lincomycin - Clindamycin |
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List the different nucleic acid synthesis inhibiting antibiotics. Give an example of each.
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1. Sulfanomides - Co-trimoxazole
2. Trimepthoprim - Co-trimoxazole 3. Quinolones - Moxifloxacin 4. Nitroimidazoles - Metronidazole |
