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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what anatomical structure does the pituitary gland rest upon
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Sella turcica
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what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland called
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Anterior pituitary and Posterior pituitary
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what is the function of the pituitary gland
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Hormone secretion
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what structure regulates the functional activity of the anterior pituitary
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hypothalmus
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what are the five cell types of the anterior pituitary
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somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs
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how is hormone secretion of the pituitary gland inhibited
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most hormones are controlled predominately by positive-acting releasing factors from the hypothalmus
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what two clinical syndromes are associated with adenoma
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hyperpituitarism-caused by functional adenoma within the anterior lobe, expanding pituitary adenomas may compress the adjacent nonneoplastic anterior pituitary or the pituitary stalk
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name the four most common causes of hypopituitarism
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ischemic injury, radiation, inflammatory reactions, and nonfunctioning adenomas
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Simmonds disease is an insufficiency of three organs due to a loss of their tropic hormones
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thyroid, adrenals and gonads
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the patients who have Froelich syndrome show what physical characterstics?
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obesity, sexual infantilism, atrophy, hypoplasia of the gonads and altered secondary sex characterstics
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what hormones are released by the neurohypophysis
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oxytocin and vasopressin
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diabetes insipidus is induced by anti-diuretic hormone ADH deficiency what are some of the causes of ADH deficiency
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head trauma, tumors, inflammatory disorders of the hypothalmus and pituitary as well as surgical procedures involving these organs
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primary empty sella syndrome
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defect in diaphragma sellae that allows the arachnoidea mater and CSF to herniate into sella resulting in epxansion of the sella and compression of the pituitary
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secondary empty sella syndrome
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a mass such as a pituitary adenoma enlarges the sella but then is removed by surgery or radiation
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what is the only true criterion of a malignant pituitary gland tumor
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the demonstration of metastases usually to lymph nodes bone liver and sometimes else where
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which tumors are most likely to metastasize to the pituitary?
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breast and lung
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the thyroid gland develops as a tubular evagination from what structure?
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Pharyngeal epithelium
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what does the normal adult thyroid weigh?
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15-20gms
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what is the third lobe of the thyroid called
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Pyramidal lobe
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Cretinism
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hypothyrodisim devleoping in infancy or early childhood symptoms include, impaired development of the skeletal system and CNS
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Myxedema
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applied to hypothyroidism developing in older child or adult characterized by a slowing of physical and mental activity
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what is the triad of clinical findings of graves disease?
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hyperthyroidism owing to hyperfunctional difusse enlargement of the thyroid, infiltrative ophthalmopathy with resultant exophthalmos, localized inflitrative dermopathy
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where is thyroglossal duct cyst usually located
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midline of the neck and anterior to the trachea
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waht are Hurthle cells
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In Hashimoto thyroditis the thyroid follicles are small and are lined in many areas by epithelial cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
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DeQuervains thyroditis has a suspected viral etiology, why?
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majority of patients have a history of an upper respiratory infection just before th onset of thyroiditis
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what is endemic goiter
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occurs in geographical areas where the soil water and food supply contains only low levels of iodine
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on a radioactive iodine uptake scan of a "hot" nodule is likely to be
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Benign
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how high is the risk of malignant transformation of a follicular adenoma
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low risk
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what is the most commonb morphologic variant of thyroid carcinoma
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papillary
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what are some of the histological hallmarks of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
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branching papillae ground glass or Orphan Annie nuclei eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions and psammoma bodies
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papillary carcinoma has a peak incidence in ages 20-40 years when is the peak incidence of follicular carcinoma
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age 40-50
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what are the common metastasis sites for follicular carcinoma
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prafollicular cells or C cells
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what is the normal wieght of an adult parathyroid gland
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35-40mg
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what are the three cells types of parathyroid gland
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chief cells, oxyphil cells, transitional oxyphils
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what are the major functions of PTH
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activates osteoclast, moblizing calcium from bone, increase renal tubular resorption of calcium, increase converison of vit D to its active dihydroxy form in kidneys
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what si the most important cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
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parathyroid adenoma resulting in hypercalcemia
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what are some of the clinical manifestations of PHPT?
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bone disease, nephrolithiasis, GI disturbances, CNS alterations, depression, lethargy, neuromuscular abnormalities
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what is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
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renal failure
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list some of the causes and clincial manifestations of hypoparathyroidism
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Surgically induced congential abscence of all glands priamry atrophy of the gland familial hypoparathyroidism, tetany, chvostek sign and trousseau sign
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what are the 3 functional zones of the adult adrenal cortex
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Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
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Cushing syndrome
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hypercortisolism caused by any condition that produces an elevation in glucocorticoid levels
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major clinical features of cushings syndrome
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central obesity, moon faces, weakness, fatigability, hirsutism, hypertension, plethora, diabetes, osteoporosis, skin striae
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what are the three sources of endogenous cushings syndrome
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primary hypothalamic-pituitary disease associated with hypersecretion of ACTH hypersecretion of cortisol by adrenal adenoma carcinoma or nodular hyperplasia
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what is primary hyperaldosteronism PHA characterized by
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excessive levels of aldosterone causes sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant hypertension and hypokalemia
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what is Conn Syndrome
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primary hyperaldosternoism caused by an aldosterone-secreting adenoma in one adrenal gland
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briefly list some causes of acute adrenocortical insufficiency
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any form of stress that requires immediate increase in steroid output from galnds incapable of responding, rapid withdrawal of steroids
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what are the characteristics of Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome
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overwhelming bacterial infection, rapidly progressive hypotension leading to shock, DIC with widespread purpura
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what is Addisons disease
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chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, is uncommon disorder resulting from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex
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clinical manifestations of Addisons disease
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progressive weakness and easy fatigability, GI disturbances, hyperpigmentation of the skin, hyperkalemia
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what are some of the causes of secondary adrenocortical insuffiency
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any disorder of hypothalmus and pituitary such as metastatic carcinoma infection infarction or irradiation which reduces the output of ACTH
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what catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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what is the major clinical complication of a pheochromocytoma
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hypertension
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what is a chemodectoma
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paraganglioma originiating in the jugulotympanic body
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what is another name for the brain sand seen microscopically in the pineal gland
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Acervulus cerebri
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MEN I Werner syndrome primarly affects what three organs
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parathyroids, pancreas, pituitary
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what is Sipple syndrome
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MEN IIA or Sipple syndrome is characterized by pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma and parathyroid hperplasia
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