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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the mesonephric duct forms what in the adult kidney
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Ureter, pelvic, calyces and collecting tubules
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why is the renal medulla particulary vulnerable to ischemia?
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the medulla is relatively avascular and the blood in the capillary loops in the medulla has a remarkably low hematocrit value
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the nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney what are the components of the nephron
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glomerulus enclosed within Bowman capsule and its attached tubule, consisting of proximal convulted protion, loop of Henle and distal convulted portion
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what are the two major characterstics of glomerular filtration
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the major characterstics are extraordinarly high permeability to water and small solutes accounted for by the highly fenstrated endothelium and impermeability to proteins
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what are the three components of juxtaglomerular apparatus
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juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, and nongranular cells
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glomerular diseases are frequently
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immunilogically mediated
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Azotemia
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biochemical abnormality that refers to an elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels and is largely related to decreased glomerular filtration rate
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pre-renal azotemia
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encountered where there is hypoperfusion of the kidneys that impairs renal function in the abscence of parenchymal damage
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post renal azotemia
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whenever urine flow is obstructed below the level of the kidney
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severe total body edema is referred to as
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Anarsca
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Nephritic syndrome
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glomerular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria mild to mederate proteinuria and hypertension it is the classic presentation of acute post streptococcal glomerulnephritis
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Nephrotic syndrome
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characterized by heavy porteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema,hyperlipidema, and lipiduria
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four stages of chronic renal failure
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diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, renal failure, endstage renal disease
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true hypoplastic kidney will show what characterstics
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truly hypoplastic kidney should show no scars and should posses a reduced number of renal lobes and pyramids
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patient who has ectopic kidney is predisposed to bacterial infection of the kidney-the ectopic kidney is located
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just above the pelvic brim or sometimes within the pelvis
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horseshow kidney more commonly results from fusion of which poles the upper or lower?
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90% lower pole, 10% upper pole
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gross appearance of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is
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kidneys are enlarged and have a smooth external appereance. on sectioning numerous small cysts in cortex and medulla give kidney a sponge like appearance
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what are the two most common causes of glomerulonephritis
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antibody-mediated injury and cell mediated injury
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what are the four major tissue reactions that occur with glomerulonephritis
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hypercelluarity, basement mebrane thickening, hylanization and sclerosis
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the pathogensis of antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis
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antibodies are directed against intrinsic fixed antigens that are normal components of the glomerular basement membrane properq
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what is the histological hallmark of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
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the presence of crescents in most glomeruli
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Good pasture syndrome
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simultaneous appearance of proliferative usually rapidly progressive glomerulonephiritis and necrotizing hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis
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what is the immunoflurescent staining pattern in membranous glomerulonephritis
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Granular IgG and C3 diffuse
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what is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
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membranous glomerulonephritis
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lipid nephrosis is associated with a diffuse loss of foot porcesses of epithelial cells in glomeruli that appear virtually normal by light microscopy this is the most common cuase of what syndrome in children
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Nephrotic
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whatimmunoglobuin is deposited in mesangial regions in Berger disease?
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IgA deposits
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who does Berger disease normally affect?
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children and young adults
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what are the components of syndrome Henoch-Schonlein-Purpura?
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Purpuric skin lesions, abdominal manifestations, nonmigratory arthralgais, and renal abnormalities
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what are the renal manifestations of Henoch-Schonlein-Purpura
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gross and microscopic hematuria, porteinuria and nephritic syndrome
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what is the nature of the glomerular lesions occuring in the course of bacterial endocarditis
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glomerular lesions represent a type of immune complex nephritis initiated by bacterial antigen-antibody complexes
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions
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nodular glomerulosclerosis-glomerular lesions take the form of ovoid or spheroid often laminated hyaline masses situated in the periphery of the glomerulus
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what are the main morphologic changes of diabetic glomerulosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy
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DG-capillary basement membrane thickening, diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis, DN-includes glomerular lesions and renal vascular lesions
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where are amyloid deposits found in the kidney
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glomeruli, blood vessel walls, and intersitium
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what is the main cause of renal dyfunction in multiple myeloma?
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Bence Jones porteinuria
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What are the major etiologic agents of urinary tract infections
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Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klbesiella, Enterobacter, Streptococcus
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What are two possible routes of urinary tract infections
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Blood stream, lower urinary tract
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Why are UTIs more common in women then men
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Shorter urethra
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what are the methods of bacterial propagation into the renal pelvis and the renal parenchyma
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vesicoureteral reflux and intrarenal reflux
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when there is total or almost complete urinary tract obstruction hihg in the urinary tract and a suppurative exudate fills the renal pelvis
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pyonephrosis
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a true urinary infection can be established by presence of what in the urine
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Leukocytes-denoted upper or lower UTI, leukocyte casts-formed in renal tubules, diagonsis of infection is by cultures
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chronic pyelonephritis
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chronic tubulointersitial disorder in which chronic tubulointersitial inflammation and renal scarring are associated with pathologic involvement of calyces and pelvis
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what are the three major ways that drug.toxin can produce renal injury
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may trigger an intersitial immunolgic reaction exemplified by the actue hypersensitivty nephritis by drugs such as methicillin
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what are the two classifications of hypertension
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primary or essential hypertension and secondary hypertension
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renal disease associated with hyaline arteriosclerosis is called
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Benign nephrosclerosis
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what are some of the major causes of renal infarcts
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embolism-the major source of emboli is mural thrombosis in the left atrium and ventricle as a result of mycardial infarction
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75% of kidney stones are comprised of
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Calcim oxalate, or calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate
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magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are formed when?
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infections by urea splitting bacteria which convert urea to ammonia Staghorn calculi
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what are the most common benign malignant tumors of kidney
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Benign-papillary adenoma, Malignant-renal cell carcinoma
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what is a major carciongenic risk factor or renal cell carcionma
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tobacco
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what is the most common renal tumor in children
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Wilms tumor
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what benign renal tumor is found in 25 to 50% of patients with tuberous sclerosis
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angiomyolipoma
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