Pathology

Front 1

what precent of the marrow space is actively involved in hematopoiesis in adults

Back 1

50%

Front 2

In the premature infant foci of hematopoiesis are frequently evident in the

Back 2

liver spleen lymph nodes and thymus

Front 3

list the five types of formed elements in circulating blood

Back 3

erythrocytes, erythroid precursors, lymphocytes and monocytes and their precursors unidentified or disintergrating cells

Front 4

the normal myeloid erythroid ratio is

Back 4

3:1

Front 5

the dominant cell types in the meyloid compartment include

Back 5

myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and granulocytes

Front 6

anemia

Back 6

reduction below normal limits of the total circulating red cell mass, measured by hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations

Front 7

list the three major mechanisms associated with the development of anemia

Back 7

blood loss, increased rate of destruction, impaired red cell production

Front 8

acute blood loss

Back 8

the alterations reflect principally the loss of blood volume rather than the loss of hemoglobin

Front 9

chronic blood loss

Back 9

induces anemia only when the rate of loss exceeds the regnerative capacity of the erythroid precursors or when iron reserves are depleted

Front 10

hemolytic anemias are characterized by

Back 10

shortening of normal red cell life span, accumulation of the products of hemoglobin catabolism, marked increaes in erythropoiesis within the bone marrow

Front 11

list the two areas in which red cell breakdown occurs in hemolytic anemia

Back 11

mononuclear phagocytic cells of the spleen and hte intravascular compartment

Front 12

list two main mechanisms associated with development of hemolytic anemia

Back 12

intravascular hemolysis-mechanical injury ocmplement fixation to red cells. Extravascular hemolysis-hereditary spherocytosis sickle cell anemia

Front 13

list the three major causes of hereditary hemolytic anemias

Back 13

red cell membrane disorders, red cell enzyme deficiencies, disorders of hemoglobin synthesis

Front 14

functional splenectomy

Back 14

otherwise known as autosplenectomy-erthrostasis in the spleen leads to thrombosis and infarction of at least marked tissue hypoxia.

Front 15

the three factors which affect the rate and change of sickling in HbS are

Back 15

the amount of HbS and its interaction with the other hemoglobin chains in the cell, the rate of HbS polymerization which significantly affects the hemoglobin per cell and fall in pH which reduces oxygen affinity

Front 16

in the spleen focal fibrous scars containing deposits of hemosiderin and calcium are known as

Back 16

Gandy-Gamma nodules

Front 17

the classification of immunohemolytic anemia is based upon which three antibodies?

Back 17

Warm antibody type, cold aggulutinin type, cold hemolysins

Front 18

what are the five criteria for TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Back 18

fever, thrombocytopenia, micorangiopathic hemolytic anemia, transient neurologic deficits, and renal failure

Front 19

megaloblastic anemia

Back 19

diverse group of entities having in common impaired DNA synthesis and distinctive morphologic changes in the blood and bone marrow

Front 20

two types of megaloblastic anemia

Back 20

pernicious anemia which is the major form of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia and folate deficiency anemia

Front 21

the feature that sets pernicious anemia apart from other B12 deficiency megaloblastic anemias is

Back 21

atropic gastritis with failure of production of intrinsic factor

Front 22

pernicious anemia is believed to result from

Back 22

immunologically mediated possibly autoimmune destruction of gastric mucosa

Front 23

the principle alteration of the central nervous system in cases of pernicious anemia is

Back 23

involvement of the spinal cord where there is myelin degeneration of the dorsal and lateral tracts sometimes followed by loss of axons

Front 24

the three most common laboratory findings in cases of aplastic anemia are

Back 24

anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

Front 25

list causes of aplastic anemia

Back 25

acquired:idiopathic, chemical agents, idiosyncratic, physical agents. Inherited:faconi anemia

Front 26

myelophthisic anemia

Back 26

space occupying lesions that destroy significant amounts of bone marrow or disturb the marrow architecture and depress its productive capability

Front 27

what are the major causes of thrombocytopenia

Back 27

decreased production of platelets, decreased platelet survival, sequestration, dilutional

Front 28

list four major causes of hemorrhagic diatheses

Back 28

incread fragility of vessels, platelet deficiency or dysfunction, derangements in the coagulation mechanisms, combination of these

Front 29

petechiae

Back 29

minute 1-2mm hemorrhages into skin mucous membranes or serosal surfaces associated with locally increased intravascular pressure low platelet counts

Front 30

purpura

Back 30

2-3mm hemorrhages are called purpura and may be associated with similar pathologies as well as trauma local vascular inflammation