Pathology

Front 1

list average normal weight of heart

Back 1

male-300-350 g, female-250-300 g

Front 2

list the average normal right and left ventricular free wall thickness

Back 2

right 0.3-0.5 and left 1.3-1.5

Front 3

list the four cardiac valves

Back 3

semilunar-aortic and pulmonary, artioventricular valves-mitral and tricuspid

Front 4

what attaches the papillary muscles to teh atrioventricular valve leaflets

Back 4

chordae tendineae

Front 5

normally the pericardial sac contains

Back 5

30-50ml of fluid

Front 6

the coronary arteries orginate from

Back 6

the aorta immediately distal to the aortic valve

Front 7

LAD

Back 7

left anterior descending supplies most of the apex of the heart, anterior wall of left ventricle and the anterior 2/3 of ventricular septum

Front 8

LCX

Back 8

left circumflex perfuses the lateral wall of the left ventricle

Front 9

RCA

Back 9

right coronary artery entire right ventricle posterobasal wall of left ventricle and posterior third ventricular septum

Front 10

congestive heart failure

Back 10

heart is unable to pump blood at a rate commesurate with the requirement of metabolizing tissues or can do so only from elevated filling pressure

Front 11

most frequent causes of congestive heart failure

Back 11

hypertension, ischemic heart disease

Front 12

the two major types of congestive heart failure

Back 12

left and right sided

Front 13

cor pulmonale

Back 13

pure right sided heart failure that most often occurs with chronic severe pulmonary hypertension

Front 14

left sided heart failure is often caused by

Back 14

ischemic heart disease hypertension, aortic and mitral valvular disease and nonischemic myocardial disease

Front 15

anasarca

Back 15

generalized massive edema

Front 16

clincal manifestations of ischemic heart disease

Back 16

myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease with heart failure, sudden cardiac death

Front 17

transmural myocardial infarction

Back 17

ischemic necrosis invloves the full or nearly full thickness of the ventrical wall in the distribution of a singel coronary artery

Front 18

subendocardial infarct

Back 18

ischemic necrosis limited to hte inner 1/3 or at most 1/2 of ventricular wall may extend laterally beyond pefusion of a single coronary artery

Front 19

ischemic cardiomyopathy

Back 19

often used by clinicians to describe crhonic ischemic heart disease

Front 20

angina pectoris

Back 20

symptom of complex ischemic heart diease characterized by paroxysomal and recurrent attacks of substernal or precordial chest discomfort

Front 21

the majority of myocaridal infarct occur in

Back 21

the left ventricle

Front 22

Triphenyltertazolium chlroide

Back 22

stain used to macroscopically differntiate ischemic vs nonischemic areas of mycoardium

Front 23

the most classic clincal symptoms of acute myocardial infaction

Back 23

rapid weak pulse diaphoresis and dyspnea

Front 24

the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease is characterized by

Back 24

coexistence of atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and hypertorphy of myocaridum

Front 25

the minimal criteria for the diagnosis of hypertensive heart disease

Back 25

left ventricular hypertrophy and history of pathologic evidence of hypertension

Front 26

Rheumatic fever

Back 26

acute immunologically mediated multisystem inflammatory disease that occrus a few weeks after an episode of grp A streptococcal pharyngitis

Front 27

acute rheumatic carditis

Back 27

complicates phase of rheumatic feer may progress to chronic valvular deformities

Front 28

characterstic microscopic finding in rheumatic fever are

Back 28

Aschoff bodies and Anitschkow cells

Front 29

the most common valves involved in rheumatic heart disease

Back 29

mitral and aortic

Front 30

Rheumatic vegetations are most commonly located on what part of the valve

Back 30

Cusps

Front 31

the chordae tendineae in rheumatic fever frequently appear

Back 31

shortened thickeed and fused

Front 32

briefly describe the changes seen in joints and skin in rheumatic fever

Back 32

migratory polyarthritis of the large joints subcutaneous nodules, Erythema marginatum of the skin

Front 33

the most important consequences of rheumatic fever is

Back 33

chornic rheumatic heart disease characterized by deforming fibrotic valvular disease

Front 34

what is the most common encountered congential cardiac malformation

Back 34

ventricular septal defect

Front 35

msot congenital anomalies of the heart develop during whawt weeks of fetal life

Back 35

3 through 8

Front 36

the most common complication and or cause of death in patients with ventricular septal defects is

Back 36

irreversible pulmonary vascular disease-pulomnary hypertension

Front 37

major types of atrial septal defects

Back 37

Secundum ASD, primum ASD, partial AVSD, sinus venous ASD

Front 38

some of the most common complications of atrial septal defects are

Back 38

irrevrsible pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, paradoxial embolization

Front 39

transposition of great vessels

Back 39

implies ventriculoarterial discordance such that the aorta arises from right ventricle and pulmonary artery emanates from the left ventricle

Front 40

the most common form of cyanotic congential heart failure

Back 40

tetraology of Fallot

Front 41

four feature of tetraology of Fallot are

Back 41

ventricular septal defect subpulmonic stenosis aorta that overrides the VSD,and right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 42

ductus arteriosus is situated btwn which two blood vessels?

Back 42

Pulmonary artery and aorta and is remnant of the 6th arotic arch

Front 43

infantile coarctation of the aorta

Back 43

tubual hypoplasia of the aortic arch proximal to a patent ductus arteriosus that is often symptomatic in early childhood

Front 44

adult coarctation of aorta

Back 44

discrete ridgelike infolding of the aorta just opposite the closed ductus arteriosus

Front 45

infective endocarditis

Back 45

colonization or invasion of heart valves mural endocardium or other cardiovascular sites by microbial agent

Front 46

acute endocarditis

Back 46

destructive tumultous infection frequently of previously normal heart valve with a highly virulent organism

Front 47

infective endocarditis of native but previously damaged abnormal valves is most commonly caused by

Back 47

alpha-hemolytic sterptococci

Front 48

classic lesion in infective endocarditis is

Back 48

vegetation of the valve cusps that can extend on to the cords

Front 49

acute cor pulmonale

Back 49

much dilatation of the right ventricle without hypertrophy can follow massive pulmonary embolism

Front 50

chronic cor pulmanle

Back 50

implies right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation secondary to prolonged pressure overload due to obstruction of pulmonary arteries or arterioles

Front 51

caridac temponade

Back 51

large chronic effusions or rapidly developing fluid collections of as little as 200-300ml may produce compression of thin walled atria and vena cava or the ventricles themselves

Front 52

serous pericarditis

Back 52

produced by non-infectious inflammations such as rheumatic fever SLE scleroderma

Front 53

renal failure with associated uremia gives rise to

Back 53

fibrinous pericarditis

Front 54

cardiomyopathy

Back 54

heart disease resulting from a primary abnormality in the myocardium

Front 55

myocarditis

Back 55

inflammatory processes of the myocardium that result in the injury to the cardiac myocytes

Front 56

three catagories of cardiomyopathy

Back 56

dialted cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy

Front 57

what are the most characterstic histologic findings of hypertorphic cardiomyopathy

Back 57

myocyte hypertrophy, myofiber disarray, intestial and replacement fibrosis

Front 58

ednocardial fibroelastosis

Back 58

focal or diffuse fibroelastic thickening usually involving the mural left ventricular endocardium often accompanied by some form of congenital caridac anomaly most often aortic valve obstruction

Front 59

nonbacterial endocarditis

Back 59

deposition of small masses of fibrin, platelets and other blood components on the leaflets of cardiac valves they do not contain microorganisms and are only loosely attached to underlying valve

Front 60

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Back 60

mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small sterile vegetations

Front 61

list clinical features of carcinoid syndrome

Back 61

episodic flushing of the skin, cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

Front 62

the most common primary tumor of the heart is

Back 62

Myxoma

Front 63

Myxoma is most common in the

Back 63

left atrium

Front 64

the most frequent primary tumor of the heart in infants and children is

Back 64

rhabdomyoma

Front 65

what are the two most common cuases for cardiac transplantion

Back 65

dialted cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease