Pathology

Front 1

Cells which are actively engaged in protein synthesis are rich in which intracytoplasmic organelle?

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Mitochondria

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Hyperplasia

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an increase in cell number

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hypetrophy

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an increase in cell size

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atrophy

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a decrease in size and function fo cells

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metaplasia

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an alteration of cell differentation

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a pigment that is frequently confused with hemosiderin and represents autophagic cellular debris

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lipofuscin

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dysplasia

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disordered growth, changes include a loss in uniformity of the individual cells as well as loss in their architectural orientation

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necrosis

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cell death after exogneous stimuli such as ischemia,physical or chemical injury

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apoptosis

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cell death through activation of internally controlled suicide program

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ischemia

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loss of blood supply from impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage in a tissue

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hypoxia

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impinges on aerobic oxidative respiration inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to cardiorespiratory failure may result in call adaptation injury or death

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the first known manifestation of almost all forms of injury to individual cells

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cellular swelling

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pyknosis

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nuclear shrinkage and increase basophilia

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karyolysis

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change that presumably reflects DNase activity in which basophilia of the chromatin may fade

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karyorrhexis

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when pyknotic or partially pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

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coagulation necrosis

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implies preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cell the injury denatures not only structual proteins but also enzymic and blocks protelysis of the cell

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liquifcation necrosis

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dominant enzyme digestion, end result is transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

Front 18

what is fat necrosis and what organ is it most frequently seen?

Back 18

fat destruction due to release of lipases often seen in pancreas

Front 19

caseous necrosis is frequently associated with what type of infection?

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tuberculosis

Front 20

what stains would be used to differnetiate glycogen from fat?

Back 20

GLYCOGEN-best carmine and PAS with and without diastase
FAT-Sudan IV and ORedO

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hemosiderosis

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condition in which hemosiderin is deposited in many organs and tissues without parenchymal damage

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hemochromatosis

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extreme accumulation of iron associated with liver and pancreatic damage resulitn in fibrosis heart failure

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dystrophic calcifications

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calcium deposition occurs locally in nonviable or dying tissues

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metastatic calcification

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deposition of clacium salts in vital tissues almost always reflects some disturbance in calcium metabolism leading to hypercalcemia

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exudate

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inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and cellular debris

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transudate

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a fluid low in protein content it is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across vascular endothelium

Front 27

name four stages of leukocyte extravasation

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rolling, activation, adhesion, transmigration

Front 28

name the three changes associated with inflammatory reaction

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alteration in vascular caliber to increase blood flow, structural changes in the microvascular that permit plasma and leukocytes to lave the microcirculation, emigration of leukocytes from the microciruclation to focus of injury

Front 29

name the five clincal signs associated with inflammation

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redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function

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acute inflammatory response

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leukocytes, mainly neutrophils

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chronic inflammatory response

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mononuclear cells including macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells

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serous inflammation

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marked by outpouring of thin fluid that is derived from either blood serum or the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavites

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fibrionous inflammation

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develops when the vascular leaks are large enough to allow fibrin to pass through the vascular barrier

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purulent inflammation

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production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils necrotic cells and edema fluid

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histologic hallmarks of chronic inflammation are?

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infiltration iwht mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, healing by connective tissue replacementof damaged tissue

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granuloma

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aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelium like cells surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells

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leukocytosis

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common feature of inflammatory reactions especially those induced by bacterial infections, 15000-20000 cells/ml

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leukemoid reaction

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leukocyte count of 40000-100000, these extreme elevations are similar to white counts in leukemia

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leukopenia

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decreased number of circulationg white cells, encounterd in infections that overwhelm patients debilitated by cancer or TB

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abcess

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focal localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in tissue, organ or a confined space

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ulcer

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local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue

Front 42

granulation tissue is composed of what histologic components

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fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells

Front 43

generalized local edema is known as

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anasarca

Front 44

list the pathophysiologic catagories od edema

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increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium and water retention, inflammation

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dependent edema

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influenced by gravity and is characteristic of congestive heart failure particulary right sided

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generalized pitting edema

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more severe than dependent edema affects all parts of the body equally and is the result of renal dysfunction or nephrotic syndrome

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hyperemia

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active process resulting from augumented tissue inflow becasue of afteriolar dilation

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congestion

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passive process resulting from impaired outflow as in cardiac failure or localized venous obstruction

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chronic passive congestion of the liver

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nutmeg liver is the result of

Front 50

what are the three components of Virchows triad

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endothelial injury, stasis or turbulence of blood flow, blood hypercoagulability

Front 51

petechiae

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minute 1-2mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes or serosal surfaces

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purpura

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slightly larger greater then 3mm hemorrhages

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ecchymoses

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larger 1 to 2cm subcutaneous hematomas (brusies)

Front 54

a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gasesous mass carried by blood to a distant site is known as?

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embolism

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within thrombi alternating layres of fibrin and platelets intermixed with coagulated blood are

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lines of Zahn

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arterial thrombi

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usually occlusive, firmly adherent to injured arterial wall and are gray-white and friable

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venous thrombi

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almost always occlusive and often creates a long cast of the wein lumen

Front 58

name two colloquial trems used to describe post mortem clots

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currant jelly, chicken fat

Front 59

name the four pathways which a thrombus can evolve after initially forming

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propagation, embolization, dissolution, organization and recanalization

Front 60

the most common distant source of pulmonary emobli are

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deep leg vein above the level of the knee

Front 61

disseminated intravascular coagulation is also known as

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consumption coagulopathy

Front 62

embolic occulsion at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery is known as

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saddle embolis

Front 63

a left artial mural thrombus that results in a splenic infarct is a result of

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systemic embolus

Front 64

a chronic form of decompression sickness in which persisting gas emboli in the skeletal system lead to multiple foci of ischemic necorsis is

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caisson disease

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infarct

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area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either arterial supply or the venous drainage in a particular tissue

Front 66

red infarcts (hemorrhagic)

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occur with venous occlusions in loose tissues that wer previously congested because of sluggish venous outflow

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white infarcts (anemic)

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occur with arterial occlusions or in solid organs where the solidity of the tissue limits the amount of hemorrahge that can seep into the area of ischemic necorsis from adjoing capillary beds

Front 68

anemic infarcts are least common in

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lungs and liver and are due to dual blood supplies

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cardiogenic shock

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results from myocardial pump failure

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septic shock

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caused by systemic microbial infection

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hypovolemic shock

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results from loss of blood or plasma volume

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anaphylactic shock

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initiated by a generalized IgE mediated hypersensitivity response and is associated with systemic vasodilatiion and increased vascular permability