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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. List the major organ involvements in diabetes mellitus!1. List the major organ involvements in diabetes mellitus!
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• Angiopathy
• Nephropathy • Retinopathy • Polyneuropathy |
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2. Elements of diabetic nephropathy
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• Glomerulopathy
• Macro- and microangiopathy • Recurrent pyelonephritis |
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3. Forms of ischemic heart disease
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• Angina pectoris
• Acute myocardial infarction • Chronic ischemic heart disease • Sudden cardiac death |
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4. Causes of reduced coronary perfusion are
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• Stenosis (atherosclerotic plaque)
• Coronary thrombosis • Vasospasm |
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5. The course of AMI at tissue level
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• Reversible ischemic cell injury (swelling, myocytolysis)
• Coagulation necrosis • Acute inflammatory infiltration • Granulation tissue formation • Scarring |
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6. Major complications of AMI
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• Cardiac arrest
• Arrhythmia • Mural thrombosis • Myocardial rupture • Fibrinous pericarditis • ventricular aneurysm |
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7. Major causes of cor pulmonale
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• Pneumoconiosis
• Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis • COPD • Tumors of the lung |
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8. General forms of arteriosclerosis
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• Atherosclerosis
• Calcifying mediasclerosis (Mönckeberg) • Arteriolosclerosis |
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9. Stages of plaque formation in atherosclerosis
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• Fatty streak
• Atheromatous plaque • Fibrous atheroma • Complicated plaque |
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10. Clinical complications of atherosclerosis
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• AMI
• Cerebral stroke • Aortic aneurysm • Renal insufficiency • Peripheral arteriopathy (gangrene) |
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11. Causes leading to chronic endothelial demage
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• Turbulent blood flow
• Toxins (nicotin) • Viral infections • Chronic or recurrent acute inflammations |
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12. Major porto-caval venous anastomoses significant in portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis)
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• Esophageal venous plexus
• Rectoanal (hemorrhoidal) veins • Retroperitoneal venous plexus • Umbilical/abdominal veins |
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13. Features of Barrett-esophagus?
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• Reddish spots on the esophageal mucosa
• Glandular epithelial cell metaplasia • Complication of esophageal reflux • Transformation potential to adenocarcinoma |
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14. Basic components of acute gastritis
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• Mucosal erosion
• Acute inflammatory infiltration • Superficial haemorrhage |
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15. Basic components of chronic gastritis
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• Chronic inflammatory infiltration
• Mucosal atrophy • Intestinal metaplasia • Regeneratory atypia |
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16. Major causes of chronic gastritis
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• Helicobacter pylori
• Autoimmune processes |
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17. Significant factors in the development of peptic ulcers
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• H. pylori
• Hyperacidity • Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs • Fast stomach emptying |
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18. Histological layers of a chronic ulcer are
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• Superficial necrosis
• Acute inflammatory layer • Granulation tissue layer • Massive fibrosis |
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19. Common complications of chronic peptic ulcers are
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• Gastric haemorrhage
• Perforation • Scarring |
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20. Major features of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are
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• Gastrin producing tumor
• Secondary glandular hyperplasia of the stomach • Formation of multiple peptic ulcers |
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21. The most frequent non-epithelial malignant tumors of the stomach are
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• Lymphoma
• Leiomyosarcoma • GIST |
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22. Basic features of Krukenberg-tumor
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• Bilateral ovarial metastasis
• Signet-ring cell morphology • Primary site is the stomach, breast or pancreas |
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23. Histological features of acute pancreatitis are
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• Parenchymal edema
• Acute inflammation • Fat necrosis • Haemorrhage |
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24. Histological features of chronic pancreatitis
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• Parenchymal fibrosis
• Calcification • Loss of acinar component • Dilatation of ducts |
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25. What does the acronym PanIN mean?
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• Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
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26. Histological features of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
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• Tubular pattern
• Marked invasivity • Desmoplasia |
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27. What are common causes of ARDS?
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• Sepsis
• Shock • Pneumonia • Aspiration |
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28. Major histological components in ARDS
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• Alveolar edema
• Necrosis • Neutrophils • Hyaline membrane |
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29. Bronchiectasis develops on the basis of
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• acute destructive bronchitis
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30. The principal mechanism of alveolar wall destruction in emphysema
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• insufficient anti-protease activity
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31. Which histological types of bronchial carcinomas are strongly associated to cigarette
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• smoking
• squamous cell carcinoma • small cell lung carcinoma |
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32. Epithelial precursor lesions of lung cancer are
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• squamous dysplasia
• atypical adenomatosus hyperplasia • idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia |
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33. Paraneoplastic syndromes frequently associated with small cell lung carcinoma are
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• ACTH secretion
• ADH secretion |
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34. The most frequent pleural primary tumors are
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• solitary fibrous tumor
• malignant mesenthelioma |
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35. The most frequent metastatic pleural tumors are
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• lung carcinoma
• breast carcinoma |
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36. Precancerous lesions of oral squamous cell carcinoma are
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• dysplasia
• erythroplakia |
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37. Which histiological type of oral squamous cell carcinoma has the most favourable prognosis
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• verrucous carcinoma
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38. Hepatotrop viruses infecting through a fecal-oral route are
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• hepatitis A
• hepatitis E |
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39. Hepatotrop viruses infecting parenterally
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• hepatitis B
• hepatitis D • hepatitis C |
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40. What is the Budd-Chiary syndrome
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• Thrombosis of the hepatic vein
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41. Features of focal nodular hyperlpasia of the liver are
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• Hyperplastic nodule
• Well demarcated • Central fibrous scar |
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42. The most frequent primary carcinomas of the liver are
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• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Cholangiocellular carcinoma |
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43. Major features of Hirsprung disease are:
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• Regional lack of ganglion cells in the colon
• Functional obstruction • Upstream dilation of the colon |
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44. Major complications of colonic diverticulosis
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• Diverticulitis
• Hemorrhage • Perforation • Pericolic abscess |
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45. Main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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• Crohn disease
• Ulcerative colitis |
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46. Characteristic features of ulcerative colitis
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• Limited to the colon
• Distribution is diffuse • Ulceration is superficial • Pseudopolyps • Malignant potential |
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47. Characteristic features of Crohn disease
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• Ileum and colon involved
• Skip lesions • Deep ulcers • Fistulas • Granulomas • Malignant potential |
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48. Carcinomas of the large intestine are
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• Adenocarcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus |
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49. Common non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine
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• Lymphoma
• GIST • Carcinoid |
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50. Aquired causes of hydronephrosis
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• Kidney stone
• Tumor • Inflammation • Defect in innervation • Pregnancy |
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51. Major cause of urolithiasis
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• Supersaturation of the urine
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52. Major components of renal stones are
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• Calcium oxalate/phosphate
• Struvite • Urate • Cystein |
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53. Major causes of acute tubular necrosis
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• Ischemia
• Nephrotoxicity |
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54. Causes of testicular inflammations
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• Bacterial infection
• Mumps • Tuberculosis |
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55. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified as:
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• Seminoma
• Non-seminomatous tumors |
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56. Non-seminomatous tumors of the testis
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• Embryonal carcinoma
• Yolk sac tumor • Choriocarcinoma • Teratoma |
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57. The histological grading of prostate carcinomas is based on
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• The Gleason system
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58. Most important marker for prostate carcinoma detection and monitoring
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• Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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59. Major risk factors for cervical carcinoma are
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• Multiple sexual partners
• High-risk HPV infection • Smoking • Immunodeficiency |
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60. The most effective screening tool for the prevention of cervical cancer is
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• The Pap-smear
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61. Major categories of ovarian tumors are:
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• Surface epithelial tumors
• Germ cell tumors • Sex-cord/stroma tumors • Metastases |
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62. What is a comedo carcinoma?
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• Ductal carcinoma with
• Extensive central necrosis |
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63. DCIS is the abbreviation of
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• Ductal carcinoma in situ
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64. LCIS is the abbreviation of
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• Lobular carcinoma in situ
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65. What is Paget’s disease of the breast?
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• ductal carcinoma
• with infiltration of the lactiferus duct and the areola |
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66. Histological subtypes of invasive breast cancer are
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• Ductal
• Lobular • Medullary • Mucinous • Tubular |
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67. Major causes of hypopituitarism
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• Pituitary apoplexia
• Inflammation • Pituitary adenoma • Surgery |
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68. Major cause of hyperpituitarism
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• Pituitary adenoma
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69. Major forms of thyroiditis
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• Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto)
• Subacute granulomatous (de Quervain) • Subacute lymphocytic (postpartum) |
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70. The enlagement of the thyroid is called
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• Goiter (struma)
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71. Carcinomas of the thyroid are
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• Papillary carcinoma
• Follicular carcinoma • Medullary carcinoma • Anaplastic carcinoma |
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72. Common endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas are
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• Insulinoma
• Gastrinoma • Glucagonoma • Somatostatinoma |
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73. Major causes of the Cushing syndrome
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• Pituitary adenoma
• Adrenal hyperfunction • Paraneoplastic (ACTH producing tumor) • Iatrogenic |
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74. Patterns of brain herniation due to increased intracranial pressure are
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• Subfalcine
• Transtentorial • Tonsillar |
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75. Major forms of hydrocephalus
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• Non-communicating
• Communicating • Hydrocephalus ex vacuo |
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76. The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is
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• Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm
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77. Cause of epidural hematoma
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• Injury of the middle meningeal artery
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78. Cause of subdural hematoma
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• Disruption of the bridging veins
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79. Major routes of infective agents to the CNS
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• Hematogenous
• Direct (posttraumatic) • Continous extension • Nerve chanals |
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80. Forms of infectious meningitis
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• Acute bacterial meningitis
• Lymphocytic (viral) meningitis • Chronic meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis) |
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81. Major features of Creutzfeld-Jakob’s disease
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• Prion disease
• Spongiform transformation of the grey matter • No inflammatory reaction • Progress to dementia |
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82. Major types of gliomas are
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• Astrocytomas
• Oligodendrogliomas • Ependymomas |
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83. Most common primary tumors causing brain metastases
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• Lung cancer
• Breast carcinoma • Melanoma • Renal cancer • colorectal cancer |
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84. Morphological changes in Alzheimer disease
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• Cortical atrophy
• Alzheimer-plaques (extrecellular) • Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular) |
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85. List five histological types of colorectal polyps!
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• inflammatory
• hyperplastic • hamartomatous • adenomatous • lymphomatous |
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86. What type of colorectal polyps do you know based on the macroscopical appearance?
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• pedunculated (with stalk)
• sessile |
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87. Which are the two major genetic routes of colorectal carcinoma?
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• APC/β-catenin pathway
• microsatellite instability (mismatch repair) pathway |
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88. List at least four of the hereditary polyposis syndromes!
Acceptable answers: |
• FAP (familiar adenomatous polyposis)
• Gardner • Lynch • Turcot • Cowden • Peutz-Jeghers |
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89. Which are the fibropolycystic liver diseases?
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• Caroli’s disease
• polycystic liver disease • congenital hepatic fibrosis • von Meyenburg komplex |
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90. Which are the general macroscopical characteristics of cholesterol stones?
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• solitary
• size measured in cms • light colour • radier arrangement on cut surface |
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91. Name the major risk factors of cholesterol stone formation (the four F rule)
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• fertile
• female • fourty • fat |
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92. Which are the most important complications associated with acute calculosus cholecystitis?
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• empyema
• gangrene • perforation • bilestone ileus |
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93. What is Klatskin’s tumor?
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• Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma,
• Arising at the anastomosis of the right and left hepatic duct |
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94. Which are the common bone-forming tumors?
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• osteoma
• osteoid osteoma • osteoblastoma • osteosarcoma |
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95. Which are the common cartilage-forming tumors?
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• enchondroma
• osteochondroma • chondroblastoma • chondrosarcoma |
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96. Which are the most frequent complications of rickets?
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• caput quadratum
• rachitic rosary • pectus carinatum/excavatum • rachitic bowleg/knock knee • scoliosis |
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97. Which are the most important characteristics of Ewing’s sarcoma?
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• usually pediatric
• diaphyseal appearance • small, blue cell tumor histology • associated with EWS gene translocation |
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98. What is the major change in osteomalacia?
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• reduction of bone mass
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100. What is the major change in osteoporosis?
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• reduction of bone mineralization
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