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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Top 3 cancers with highest incidence in men and women in 2010 |
Men: Prostate, lung, colorectal Women: Breast, lung, colorectal |
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Top 3 cancers with highest number of deaths in men and women in 2010 |
Men: Lung, prostate, colorectal Women: Lung, breast, colorectal |
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Benign tumor characteristics |
Slow growth Resemblance to tissue of origin (well differentiated) Circumscription Lack of invasion Absence of metastases |
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Malignant tumor characteristics |
Lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death. Most tend to be monoclonal. |
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2 basic components of benign and malignant tumors |
Parenchyma - functional tissue made up of transformed or neoplastic cells. Stroma - supporting, host-derived, non-neoplastic, made of connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived inflammatory cells |
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Teratoma |
Neoplastic tissue with more than one germ-cell layer and sometimes all three (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Ex: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns. |
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Fibroma |
benign tumor arising from fibrous tissue |
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chondroma |
benign cartilaginous tumor |
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Lymphoma, mesothelioma, melanoma, seminoma |
All malignant neoplasms: lymphoma - cancer of lymph mesothelioma - A tumor of the tissue that lines the lungs, stomach, heart, and other organs. melanoma - tumor of the skin seminoma - testicular tumor |
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Hamartoma |
Tissue normally found at that side, but growing disorganized. |
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Choristoma |
Also known as heterotropic rest. Benign tissue in wrong location Ex: pancreatic tissue found in stomach or GI. |
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Sarcoma |
Malignantneoplasms arising in “solid” mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives. Ex: fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma |
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Neoplasms arising from mesenchymal cells of the blood are called.. |
leukemias or lymphomas |
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Carcinoma |
malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells (regardless of tissue of origin) Ex: Renal tubular epithelium (mesoderm), cancers arising in skin (ectoderm), lining epithelium of the gut (endoderm) |
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Malignant neoplasms that spread through lymph (lymphatic spread) |
sarcomas |
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Malignant neoplasms that spread via the blood stream (hematogenous spread) |
Typical of carcinomas or sarcomas |
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Seeding |
Spread within body cavities - typical of neoplasms impinging upon body cavities,such as the peritoneal cavity. |
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2 sites frequently involved in hematogenous dissemination |
liver - portal area drainage goes here. lung - caval blood flows here. |
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Normal cell vs. malignant cell characterstics |
Normal - abundant cytoplasm; small, round nucleus Malignant - Increased nuclear size, vesicular chromatin (clumped and irregular) |
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adenocarcinoma |
gland forming |
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Which tumors are "fleshy" on gross view? |
sarcomas |
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8 hallmarks of cancer |
(1) self-sufficiency in growth (2) lack of response to growth inhibitory signals (3) Evasion ofcell death (apoptosis) (4) immortality - limitless proliferation (5) development of angiogenesis (6) ability to invade local tissues and spread todistant sites (7) reprogramming of metabolic pathways—specifically, aswitch to aerobic glycolysis even when there is abundant oxygen (8) ability to evade the immune system. |
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Biphasic tumors |
Both parenchyma and stroma. Ex: Benign - fibroadenoma Malignant - carcinosarcoma |
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Malignant neoplasm cytologic features: |
Increased nuclear DNA content with subsequent darkstaining on H and E slides (hyperchromatism). Prominent nucleoli or irregular chromatin distributionwithin nuclei. Mitoses (especially irregular or bizarre mitoses). Atypia |
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Well differentiated vs. poorly differentiated |
Benign - well-differentiated - looks like original tissue somewhat Malignant - poorly differentiated - can't tell what tissue it's from. |
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Anaplasia |
a sign of malignancy - marked cellular and nucler pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and tumor giant cells |
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5 indicators that neoplasm may be malignant |
poorly differentiated, anaplastic, faster rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis |
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Lypoma |
tumor of adipose tissue - benign |
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If there's a lesion on your face that changes color and grows in size, it's probably a what? |
Malignant melanoma |
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Sentinal lymph node |
It is the first lymph node that a tumor drains into. Detected by injected blue dye into tumor and seeing where it goes. |
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Pediatric neoplasms have what characteristic appearance? |
small, round blue cell tumors |
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Neuroblastoma |
tumor of the adrenal gland |
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Medullablastoma |
tumor in the cerebellum |
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What category of mutation: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia |
Defective DNA repair - autosomal recessive |
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Inherited predispoition for RB gene defect |
Retinoblastoma |
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Inherited predispoition for TP53 defect |
Li fraumeni syndreom (various tumors) |
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Inherited predispoition for APC defect |
Familial adenomatous polyposis/colon cancer |
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Inherited predispoition for NF1, NF2 defect |
Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 |
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Inherited predispoition for BRCA1, BRCA2 defect |
Breast and ovarian tumors |
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Inherited predispoition for MEN1, RET defect |
multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2 |
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Inherited predispoition for MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS defect |
Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (lynch syndrome) |
