Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the most likely mediators in vasodilation?
|
prostaglandins, nitric oxide
|
|
|
what are the most likely mediators in increased vascular permeability?
|
vasoactive amines, C3a & C5a (through liberating amines), Bradykinin, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4, PAF
|
|
|
what are the most likely mediators in chemotaxis, leukocyte activation?
|
C5a, leukotriene B4, bacterial products, cytokines (IL-8)
|
|
|
what are the most likely mediators in fever?
|
prostaglandins, bradykinin
|
|
|
what are the most likely mediators in pain?
|
prostaglandins, bradykinin
|
|
|
what are the most likely mediators in tissue damage?
|
neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide
|
|
|
how are leukocytes activated?
|
via complicated phospholipase C cascade
|
|
|
what occurs after leukocyte activation?
|
extravasation and phagocytosis
|
|
|
how do leukocytes undergo extravasation and phagocytosis?
|
(1) margination and pavementing (2) emigrations/transmigration (3) chemotaxis (4) phagocytosis (5) cell killing and degradation
|
|
|
what occurs with leukocytes during normal blood flow?
|
leukocytes and RBC's are in central axial column with plams peripheral
|
|
|
what occurs to blood flow carrying leukocytes during inflammation?
|
slows early in inflammation
|
|
|
what occurs during margination?
|
leukocytes fall out of center axial column, tumble along endothelium, called rolling
|
|
|
what is margination mediated by?
|
selectins, which are expressed on endothelial cells, mediate rolling by loosely binding to sialylated forms of oligosaccharides bound to leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins
|
|
|
name some selectins involved in margination?
|
P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin
|
|
|
what does P-selectin do?
|
released from Weibel-Palade bodies (preformed) so expressed within minutes of stimulation
|
|
|
what does E-selectin do?
|
expressed 4-12 hours after stimulation and gone by 24 hours
|
|
|
what does L-selectin do?
|
expressed on leukocytes
|
|
|
what contributes to leukocyte pavementing/adhesion?
|
immunoglobulins and integrins
|
|
|
what immunoglobulins are involved in leukocyte adhesion?
|
ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM
|
|
|
what integrins are involved in leukocyte adhesion?
|
CD11a & b/CD18 (LFA 1 & Mac-1), all leukocytes, VLA-4
|
|
|
where do immunoglobulins expressed which are involved in leukocyte adhesion do?
|
on endothelial surfaces, 'tightly' bind to integrins for emigration
|
|
|
what role does ICAM-1 (CD54) do in leukocyte adhesion?
|
expressed 4 hours after stimulation, peaks at 12 hours, lasts to 96 hours
|
|
|
where are integrins that affect leukocyte adhesion expressed?
|
on surface of activated leukocytes
|
|
|
what leukocytes have CD11a & b/CD18 (LFA-1 & Mac-a)?
|
all leukocytes
|
|
|
what leukocytes have VLA-4?
|
lymphocytes, monocytes, basophilss, eosinophils
|
|
|
what is deficient in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
|
Beta2 integrin deficiency (LAD type I)
|
|
|
what animals have LAD type I?
|
holstein cattle and irish setters
|
|
|
what are the features of LAD type I?
|
high levels of circulating neutrophils, patients develop severe, recurring infections but not pus formed, leukocytes lack CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) due to defect in gene encoding CD18 portion or molecule impairing Leukocyte emigration & chemotaxis impaired
|
