Pathology 2 Ex 1

Front 1

The following atrophies are caused by
-skeletal muscle due to persistent immobilization, disuse
-Unilateral renal artery stenosis (Goldblatt kidney)
-malnutrition, cachexia
-menopause with cystic atrophy of the endometrium;Addison’s disease
-end-stage renal failure; villous atrophy with celiac sprue
-decrease in size of organs, e.g., senile ovarian atrophy

Back 1

1. Reduced functional demand
2. Ischemia
3. Insufficient nutrients
4. Interruption of trophic signals
5. Persistent cellular injury:
6. Aging

Front 2

The following hypertrophies are caused by
-breast hypertrophy in preparation for lactation
-colloid nodular disease (toxic nodular goiter) of the
thyroid due to increase TSH
-myocardial hypertrophy
-alcoholic hepatitis

Back 2

1. Physiologic hormonal hypertrophy
2. Pathologic hormonal hypertrophy:
3. Increased functional demand:
4. Persistent cellular damage

Front 3

The 2 main biochemical pathways involved in muscle hypertrophy are

Back 3

phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway (exercise induced hypertrophy) and
signaling downstream of G protein receptors (vasoactive agents in pathologic
hypertrophy)

Front 4

what are the causes of the following hyperplasias
-increase in endometrial stromal and glandular
elements during proliferative phase of menstural
cycle

-gynecomastia
-erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow in response to anemia
-pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of skin overlying an
ulcer site

Back 4

1. Physiologic hormonal hyperplasia:
2. Pathologic hormonal hyperplasia:
3. Increased functional demand
4. Persistent cellular injury