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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Apoptosis pathways
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic.
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Intrinsic Apoptosis situations
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Embryogenesis, hormone induction (menstruation), atrophy (menopause), radiation, toxins
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Intrinsic Apoptosis pathway
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Bax (Pro-apoptotic), Bcl-2 (Anti-apoptoic) -> act on mitochondria -> release of cytochrome C -> activation of cytosolic caspases -> cellular breakdown
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Extrinsic Apoptosis pathway
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Fas-Ligand binds CD95 (Fas-Receptor) -> cytosolic caspases activated -> cellular breakdown. Killer T cell -> perforin and Granzyme B -> cystosolic caspases activated
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Pyknosis
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Nuclear shrinkage and basophilia
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Karyolysis
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Nuclear fading
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Karyorrhexis
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Pyknotic nuclear fragmentation (DNA fragementation)
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Coagulative Necrosis organs
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Heart, Liver, Kidney
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Liquefactive Necrosis organs
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Brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion
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Caseous Necrosis infections
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TB, systemic fungi
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Fatty Necrosis organ
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Pancreas (saponification)
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Fibroid Necrosis organ
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Blood vessels
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Gangenous Necrosis organs
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dry (ischemic coagulative) OR wet (with bacteria); common in limbs and GI tract.
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Red infarcts
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Hemorrhagic. Loose tissues with collaterals. Liver, lungs, intestine, reperfusion. "REd = REperfusion"
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Pale infarcts
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Solid tissues with single blood supply. Heart, kidney, spleen.
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Leukocyte extravasation steps
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1. Rolling 2. Tight binding 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration
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Leukocyte Rolling proteins
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E-selectin, P-selectin -> Sialyl Lewis
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Tight binding proteins
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ICAM-1 -> LFA-1 ("integrin")
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Diapedesis
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PECAM-1 -> PECAM-1
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Migration
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Bacterial products, CILK: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein
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Granuloma Formulation
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Th1 -> Gamma-interferon -> macrophages -> TNF-Alpha
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Iron Poisoning Mechanism
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Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids
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Iron Poisoning Symptoms
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Acute - Gastric Bleeding. Chronic - Metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction
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Amyloid
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Beta-pleated sheet demonstrable by apple-green birefringence of Congo red stain under polarized light. Waxy appearance.
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Primary Amyloid
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AL protein derived from Ig light chains (multiple myeloma). "AL = A Light chain"
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Secondary Amyloid
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AA protein derived from Serum amyloid associated (SAA) protein (Chronic inflammatory disease). "AA = Acute-phase reactant"
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Senile Cardiac Amyloid
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Transthyretin (T4 carrier) protein derived from AF. "AF = old Fogies"
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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Amyloid
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Amylin protein derived from AE. "AE = Endocrine"
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Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid Amyloid
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A-CAL protein derived from Calcitonin. "A-CAL = CALcitonin"
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Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid
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B-amyloid protein derived from Amyloid precursor protein (APP).
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Dialysis-associated Amyloid
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Beta-2-microglobulin protein derived from MHC class 1 proteins
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Hypovolemic / Cardiogenic Shock
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Low-output failure. Increased TPR. Cold and clammy patient.
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Septic Shock
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High-output failure. Decreased TPR. Dilated arterioles, high venous return. Hot patient.
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How do cancer cells invade basement membrane?
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Collagenases, Hydrolases, Metalloproteinases.
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Desmoplasia
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Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm
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Carcinoma vs Sarcoma
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Carcinoma implies epithelial origin, Sarcoma denotes mesenchymal origin.
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Radiation Exposure is associated with what neoplasm?
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Sarcoma, Papillary thyroid cancer
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ABL Oncogene
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Tyrosine Kinase Gene Product -> CML (9:22, bcr-abl)
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C-MYC Oncogene
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Transcription Factor -> Burkitt's Lymphoma
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BCL-2 Oncogene
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Anti-apoptotic molecule -> Follicular (14:18) and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
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ERB-B2 Oncogene
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Tyrosine Kinase Gene Product -> Breast, ovarian, gastric
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RAS Oncogene
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GTPase -> Colon carcinoma. "RAS -> Revs up gtpASe"
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L-myc Oncogene
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Transcription Factor -> Lung Tumor
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N-myc Oncogene
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Transcription Factor -> Neuroblastoma
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ret Oncogene
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Tyrosine kinase -> MEN II and III
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c-kit Oncogene
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Cytokine receptor -> Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST). "C = Cytokine"
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Rb
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13q. Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma. Rb gene product blocks G1 -> S phase of the cell cycle.
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p53
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17p. Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome. P53 gene blocks G1 -> S phase of the cell cycle
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BRCA1
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17q. Breast and Ovarian Cancer. DNA Double Stranded Break Repair Protein.
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BRCA2
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13q. Breast Cancer. DNA Double Stranded Break Repair Protein.
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p16
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9p. Melanoma.
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APC
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5q. Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
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WT1
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11p. Wilms Tumor.
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NF1
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17q. Neurofibromatosis type 1.
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NF2
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22q. Neurofibromatosis type 2.
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DPC
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18q. Pancreatic Cancer. "DPC = Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer"
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DCC
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18q. Colon Cancer. "DCC = Deleted in Colon Cancer"
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Prostatic acid phosphate
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Tumor Marker for Prostate Carcinoma.
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CEA
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Nonspecific but produced by ~70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Also by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas.
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Alpha-Fetoprotein
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Hepatocellular carcinomas. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (yolk sac tumors).
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B-hCG
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Hydatiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, Gestational trophoblastic tumors. "H-Chorio-G = Choriocarcinoma"
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CA-125
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Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors.
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S-100
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Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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Alkaline phosphatase
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Metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone.
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Bombesin
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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TRAP
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Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hair cell leukemia - a B-cell neoplasm.
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CA-19-9
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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Calcitonin
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Thyroid medullary carcinoma
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HPV oncogenic potential
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E6 -| p53. E7 -| RB -> Cervical carcinoma (16,18), penile / anal carcinoma
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Aflatoxins
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Produced by Aspergillus -> Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Vinyl Chloride
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Liver Angiosarcoma
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CCl4
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Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)
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Nitrosamines
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In smoked foods. Esophagus and stomach cancers.
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Cigarette Smoke
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Squamous Carcinoma of Larynx, Squamous and small cell carcinoma of Lung, Renal Cell Carcinoma of Kidney, Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder. "Follow smoke from inhalation to filtration from blood and excretion"
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Arsenic
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Skin (Squamous cell carcinoma), Liver (Angiosarcoma)
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Naphthalene (aniline) dyes
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Bladder (Transitional cell carcinoma)
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Alkylating Agents
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Blood (leukemia)
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Psammoma body mnemonic
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PSaMMoma = Papillary (thyroid), Serous (ovary), Meningioma, Mesothelioma
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Cancer Epidemiology
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Colon Cancer is always 3rd in both Incidence and Mortality. Highest Incidence = Prosate (M) & Breast (W), Lung. Highest Mortality = Lung, Prostate and Breast
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Brain Mets
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"Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia" -> Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), Kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI. 50% of brain tumors are metastases.
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Liver Mets
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"Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver". Colon, Stomach, Pancreas, Breast, Lung.
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Bone Mets
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"P.T. Barnum Loves Kids". Prostate, Thyroid, Breast, Lung, Kidney".
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