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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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C3b
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Adheres to the bacterium after cleavage to recruit proteins leading to MAC complex and also acts as an opsonin
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C3a
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Cleavage product in complement system, is a chemotactic factor and increases vascular permeability and vasodilation
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C5a
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An opsonin, chemotactic agent and activator of lipooxygenase in neutrophils. It also increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
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Substance P
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A neuropeptide that helps initiate the inflammatory response and is prominent in lung and GIT.
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C5b
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Combines with the remaining complement components (C6-9) to produce MAC for lysis.
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Bradykinin
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Is like histamine in vasodilation and vasopermeability, but is diff. in that it triggers the pain signal.
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Thrombin
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Cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin and causes increase leuk. adhesion. Formed in the culmination of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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Plasmin
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Lyses fibrin clots to produce fibrin split products which induce vascular permeability and splits C3 to C3a and C3b.
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What factors are involved in fever?
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prostaglandins, IL-1, and TNF
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What factors are involved in pain during inflammation?
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Bradykinin, prostaglandins, neuropeptides.
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What type of inflammation results from most viral infections?
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Chronic
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What are the hallmarks of chronic inflammation?
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Tissue destruction and macrophage predominance.
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What cells are important in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions with IgE?
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Eosinophils and Mast cells
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What is a granuloma?
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An aggregate of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Multinucleated giant cells may form in the center or periphery of the granuloma. A pyogenic granulomsa is a growth of excessive amount of newly forming bv and fibroblasts adjacent to a tooth with heavy calculus.
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Lymphangitis
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infection of a duct
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Lymphadenitis
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infection of a node.
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What are the factors that mediate the acute phase reaction?
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TNF, IL-1 and IL-6
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IL-8
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Chemoattractant for neutrophils
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What factors are involved in fever?
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prostaglandins, IL-1, and TNF
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What factors are involved in pain during inflammation?
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Bradykinin, prostaglandins, neuropeptides.
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What type of inflammation results from most viral infections?
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Chronic
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What are the hallmarks of chronic inflammation?
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Tissue destruction and macrophage predominance.
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What cells are important in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions with IgE?
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Eosinophils and Mast cells
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What is a granuloma?
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An aggregate of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Multinucleated giant cells may form in the center or periphery of the granuloma. A pyogenic granulomsa is a growth of excessive amount of newly forming bv and fibroblasts adjacent to a tooth with heavy calculus.
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Lymphangitis
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infection of a duct
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Lymphadenitis
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infection of a node.
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What are the factors that mediate the acute phase reaction?
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TNF, IL-1 and IL-6
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IL-8
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Chemoattractant for neutrophils
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Leukotriene B4
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chemotactic agent.
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What cytokines are involved in endothelial retraction?
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TNF and IL-1
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IL-1
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Endothelial retraction, activation of fibroblasts, fever, acute phase response.
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TNF
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Fever, acute phase response, endothelial retraction
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EGF
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Mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates keratinocyte migration over ulcer formation of granulation tissue.
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PDGF
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Chemotactic for and activates macrophages, PMNs, fibroblasts; mitogenic for fibroblasts, endothelial cells; stimulates angiogenesis and wound remodeling
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FGF
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Chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts; stimulates angiogenesis, wound contraction and ECM deposition.
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VEGF
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Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, inc vascular permeability
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TGF-beta
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Stimulates angiogenesis and collagen synthesis and fibroplasia.
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Anasarca
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Severe and generalized edema with profound swelling of the subcutaneous tissues. Most commonly observed with nephritic syndrome where there is a loss of serum albumin and therefore little plasma oncotic pressure. Pitting commonly seen.
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Ascites
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Hydroperitoneum - an accumulation of edema fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Most commonly a clinical manifestation of liver cirrhosis where there is a reduced synthesis of albumin.
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When do you see increased hydrostatic pressure?
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Venous obstruction by thrombosis, venous compression by a tumor mass, right heart failure.
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Dependent edema
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Diffuse subcutaneous edema, appears in lower regions of the body. Seen with right ventricular failure.
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What are heart failure cells?
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Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the lung of heart failure patients.
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Petechia
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minute hemorrhage in the skin or mucosa due to leakage of blood froma capillary or venule as seen in swollen and hemorrhagic gingiva in scurvy (vit C deficiency) and in infections.
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Ecchymosis
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a large blotchy hemorrhage in the skin or mucosa, eg. bruise.
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Purpura
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Purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin and mucosa caused by hemorrhage into the connective tissue.
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Hematoma
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A mass of blood clot in tissue space resulting from internal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage following tooth extraction forms a hematoma in the socket that evolves through organization by granulation tissue and regeneration of bone.
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Epistaxis
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Hemorrhage from the nose
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Hemoptysis
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presence of blood in the sputum, indicating a hemorrhage from the respiratory system
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Hematemesis
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presence of blood in the vomitus, indicating a hemorrhage from the upper GIT (ulcer, stomach cancer)
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Melena
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The presence of blood in the feces, indicating a hemorrhage from the lower GIT. Colon cancer or intestinal ulcer.
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What is the most important initiator for blood coagulation?
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Tissue factor, synthesized by the endothelium.
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vWF
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von Willebrand factor - cofactor for binding platelets to exposed subendothelial collagen when endothelium is hurt or lost
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PG12 and Nitric oxide
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secreted by tissues surrounding an injury, inhibits activated platelets from adhering to them.
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Tissue factor
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Thromboplastin or factor III - produced by endothelial cells when stimulated by TNF and IL-1 and activates the extrinsic clotting pathway
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Heparin-like molecule and thrombomodulin
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Antithrombotic, on endothelial membrane
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tPA
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tissue plasminogen activator - lyses fibrin deposits
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ADP
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stimulates platelet aggregation.
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Coumadin and Warfarin
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Block Vit K which is a cofactor for the carboxylation of clotting factors, a necessary step towards coagulation.
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What activates the intrinsic pathway?
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Subendothelial tissue
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Plasmin
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Lyse fibrin and restrict blood clot formation.
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What is streptokinase?
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Works like tissue plasminogen activator, attempting to dissolve a thrombus
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What is a disease resulting from a missense mutation?
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Sickle cell anemia
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Penetrance
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The frequency of a mutant gene manifesting its effects on the phenotype of a person. Can skip a generation.
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Expressivity
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Manifestations of the gene may be greater or smaller in its extent.
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Marfan syndrome
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Autosomal dominant disorder of the connective tissues, both males and females are affected and siblings have a 50% chance of being affected.
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