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80 Cards in this Set
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What does non metric traits refer to |
Used to describe non metric variations found in bones and teeth Used to cover any minor anomaly found upon skeleton or teeth Only useful if they’re in medical records - note, not considered to be signs of disease or trauma |
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What are the 7 categories of non metric traits |
1. Variations in number of bones or teeth 2. Anomalies of bone fusion 3. Variations in foramina 4. Articular facet variations 5. Localised excesses of bone growth (hyperstoses) 6. Localised failure of bone growth (hypoostoses) 7. Variations in tooth crown morphology |
V,A,V,A,L,L,V |
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How many bones and teeth are in the body |
206 bones, 32 teeth in adults - some individuals can have more of less |
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Where are ossicle and accessory bones found |
In skull |
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What is the lambdoid suture |
Suture separating occipital and parietal at back of skull. - most common suture |
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What are these |
Wormian bones |
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What’s the condition called for individuals with extra teeth |
Hyperdontia |
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If an individual is missing a tooth which tooth is it most likely to be |
Third permanent molar |
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Anomalies of bone fusion, what is the most common example of this |
Metopism - retention of metopic suture - frontal bone is in two halves in babies, usually join in first few years but occasions fail to fuse. |
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What are the 4 variations foramen/ foramina can take the form of |
1. Presence of foramen/ foramina where none are usually present 2. Absence of foramen/ foramina where they are usually found 3. Variation in location 4. Variation in size |
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Examples of variations in foramina |
1. Parietal foramen - big holes, can be confused with blunt force trauma 2. Bipartite transverse foramen 3. Sternal foramen - cause most problems in forensics, often confused with a gunshot wound 4. Septal aperture (humerus) |
P,B,S,S |
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What are 4 variations seen in the articular facet |
1. Elongation/ extensions of normal articular surfaces 2. Division of articular surface into separate facets 3. Articular surface found in anomalous positions 4. Extra surfaces present
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E,D,A,E |
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Give 2 examples of an articular facet variation |
1. (Non metric trait) squatting facets - found at distal end of tibia - inferior articular surface extends into anterior surface of bone 2. Coracoclavicular joint - gives extra support |
S,C |
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Give an example of a localised excess of bone growth |
Formation of a Posterior bridge on the atlas vertebra |
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What are congenital conditions |
Physiological or structural defects that develop at or before birth |
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Give 4 examples of congenital conditions |
1. Scoliosis and kyphosis 2. Cleft lip and palate 3. Dwarfism 4. Down’s syndrome |
S,C,D,D |
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What is scoliosis |
Abnormal sideways curvature of spine, can be S or C shaped |
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What is scoliosis also referred to as and why |
Idiopathic scoliosis - referred to as this if cause is unknown |
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What is kyphosis |
Abnormal excessive convex curvature of spine particularly in thoracic and lumbar |
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What are causes of kyphosis |
1. Infants spine doesn’t develop properly in womb (same with scoliosis) Non congenital: 2. Posture 3. Old age 4. Untreated vertebral fractures 5. Nutritional deficiencies |
I,P,O,U,N |
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What is cleft lip |
Refers to opening in upper lip may extend to nose - cause is unknown - thought it could be both genetic and enviro factors |
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What is cleft palate how |
Refers to when roof of mouth contains an opening that may extend to nose |
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How common are clefts |
Common Occurs in 1 in 700 births But it is treatable |
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How common is dwarfism |
Occurs in 1 in every 25,000 births |
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What is Tori |
Another term used to describe bony outgrowths - usually found on mandible , maxilla and external auditory meatus |
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What is dwarfism caused by |
Mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 |
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How common is Down syndrome |
Occurs in 1 in 700-1000 births - increased risk with maternal age |
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What causes Down syndrome |
Caused by presence of an extra chromosome 21 |
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Name 6 age and hormone related conditions |
1. Osteoarthritis 2. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis 3. Internal frontal hyperostosis 4. Osteomalacia 5. Osteoporosis 6. Paget’s disease |
O,D,I,O,O,P |
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What is osteoarthritis |
Group of degenerative joint diseases - most common is caused by progressive wear and tear of joints with age |
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How is osteoarthritis shown in the skeleton |
- articular cartilage thins - bony projections at end of articular surface - in later stages striations on face of articular surface - surface appears polished (eburnation) |
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What is diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis |
Form of degenerative arthritis - characterised by glowing calcification in side of vertebrae (usually right side) - commonly affects elderly |
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What is internal frontal hyperostosis |
Common condition - benign thickening of inner side of frontal bone of skull - usually found in women free menopause - can help with ageing |
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What is osteomalacia |
Softening of bones due to defective bone mineralisation - in children this condition is known as rickets |
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What causes osteomalacia |
Vitamin D deficiency - leads to bowing of the legs as they’re not strong enough to support individuals weight |
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What is hyperostoses |
Bony spurs or bony protuberances at site which don’t normally have them |
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What is osteoporosis |
Group of diseases where bones resorption outpaces bone disposition - characterised by decrease in bone mass and density - bones become porous and light |
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Who is more likely to have osteoporosis |
Postmenopausal women - but it’s not exclusive to women |
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What does osteoporosis also cause |
1. Dowagers hump 2. Colle’s fractures of the wrist 3. Femoral neck fractures 4. Can cause curvature of spine and permanent loss of height |
D,C,F,C |
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What is Paget’s disease |
Excessive breakdown and formation of bone followed by disorganised bone remodelling - newly formed bone will have high amounts of woven bone and little mature compact bone - cause one weakening, misshapen bones, fractures, arthritis |
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What bones are commonly affected by Paget’s disease |
1. Skull 2. Pelvis 3. Femur 4. Lower lumbar - occurs more in males than females |
4 |
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Name 4 nutrition and metabolism related conditions |
1. Cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis 2. Enamel hypoplasia 3. Rickets 4. Scurvy |
C,E,R,S |
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What is cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis |
- characterised by sieve-like lesions/ pitting -assumes conditions are triggered by generalised dietary deficiencies |
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What’s the difference between cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis |
- when found in surface of cranial vault referred to as porotic hyperostosis - when found in orbital roof of frontal bone referred to as cribra orbitalia |
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What is enamel hypoplasia |
Defect in teeth characterised by horizontal striations in tooth enamel - serious childhood illness can cause this - seasonal swings in food supply can be reflected - cause regular enamel lines to appear |
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What is scurvy caused by |
Caused by vitamin C deficiency |
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Give examples of tori |
1. Mandibular torus 2. Maxillary torus 3. Palatine torus 4. Auditory torus |
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How is scurvy identified in the skeleton Of adults and children |
Adults: 1. Tooth loss 2. Osteopenia (bone loss) 3. Deposits of periosteal new bone 4. Pitting on surface of skull Children: 1. Ends of longbones appear enlarged and porous 2. Dense white lines in distal metaphysis 3. Calcification around epiphysis
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Adults T,O,D,P Children E,D,C |
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Give 5 examples of bacterial infections |
1. Osteomyelitis 2. Periostitis 3. Syphilis 4. Skeletal tuberculosis 5. Leprosy |
O,P,S,T,L |
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What is osteomyselitis |
General term for a bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow - can enter from infections in surrounding tissue or through blood stream - can follow compound fracture |
M |
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How is osteomyelitis shown in skeleton |
- Have big holes where pus is expelled but sometimes don’t appear - swollen bone |
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What is periostitis |
Caused by inflammation of periosteum a layer of tissue that covers the bone - condition marked by tenderness and swelling of bone and reactive new bone formation - bone growth along shaft, can be mistaken with dirt |
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What is syphilis |
Infection caused by Treponema pallidum (bacteria) - effect depends on age when you get the infection |
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What parts of the body does syphilis affect |
1. Skull 2. Radius 3. Ulna 4. Tibia 5. Molar and incisor teeth |
5 |
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What is it called when syphilis is established in the foetus |
Congenital syphilis |
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What are the 3 characteristics of syphilis |
1. Saber tibia 2. Mulberry molars 3. Hutchinson’s teeth (incisors) |
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Give example of types of hyperostoses found on the femur |
1. Allen’s fossa 2. Poiriers facet 3. Plaque formation 4. Third trochanter 5. Hypotrochanteric fossa - femur hotspot for finding outgrowths of bone |
A,P,P,T,H |
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What is hypoostoses |
Takes form of perforations or depressions in bones that don’t normally have them |
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Give an example of hypoostoses |
Vastus notch - depression on lateral/ superior surface of patella |
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What are teeth reliable indicators of |
Population affinity - teeth linked directly to an individuals genetic background |
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Advantages and disadvantages of non metric traits |
Advantages 1. Can be recorded even if remains are fragmented 2. Useful for population studies as they have strong hereditary components 3. In forensic work, of traits noted in medical records, help positively identify individual Disadvantages 1. Huge variation in type and number of traits recorded 2. Dependent on medical and dental records to identify person |
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What are the 3 characteristics of congenital syphilis |
1. Saber tibia 2. Mulberry molars 3. Hutchinson’s teeth (incisors) |
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What parts of the body are affected in congenital syphilis |
1. Skull 2. Radius 3. Ulna 4. Tibia 5. Molar and incisor teeth |
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What is acquired syphilis |
Sexually transmitted syphilis |
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What are the 4 developmental stages of acquired syphilis |
1. Primary stage - single lesions at location of exposure 2. Secondary stage- diffuse rash which involves palms of hands and soles of feet 3. Latent stage - little or no symptoms 4. Tertiary stage - gummas, neurological and/ or cardiac symptoms |
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Where are the primary infection sites for syphilis |
1. Frontal bone 2. Proximal ends of tibia and humerus |
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What is skeletal tuberculosis |
Infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Where is skeletal tuberculosis often found |
1. Vertebral column (T6- L3) - front portion slowly destroyed resulting in anterior wedging and collapse 2. coxae 3. Patellae |
3 |
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When do symptoms for leprosy start showing |
Initially no symptoms, can remain this way for 5- 20 years |
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What areas of the body are affected by leprosy |
1. Hands and feet most affected - phalanges appear sharpen and then resorb into distorted stumps 2. Nasal area 3. Portions of maxilla lost, also lose front teeth (incisors) |
3 |
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What 3 countries does leprosy still occur in |
1. India 2. China 3. Africa |
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Give 3 examples of neoplasms |
1. Osteoma 2. Osteosarcoma 3. Multiple myeloma |
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What is osteoma |
A benign bone rumour - common - are symptomless |
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What is osteoma triggered by and where do they occur |
- trauma - excess callus formation - occur on inner and outer surface of skull - some occur post cranially, particularly areas that are prone to injury |
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What is osteosarcoma |
A highly malignant tumour containing bony tissue - more commonly known as bone cancer |
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Who are most likely affected by osteosarcoma |
Young people ages 10-25 - tends to occur at bone growth sites |
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What parts of the skeleton does osteosarcoma affect |
- proximal end of tibia or humerus - distal end of femur - regions around knees in 60% of cases - hip, shoulder and jaw in some smaller cases |
4 |
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What is multiple myseloma |
Cancer of plasma cells - collection of abnormal plasma cells accumulate in bone marrow and interfere with production of blood cells |
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Who is most likely to be affected by multiple myeloma |
Older individuals from 40+ years - more often found in males - 70% of cases people between 50 and 70 years |
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Where on the body is multiple myeloma found |
- well circumscribe lesions found on - vertebrae (most common) - ribs - skull - shoulder girdle - pelvis - long bones |
5 |
