Pathologic Basis Of Veterinary Disease Chapter 1

Front 1

What is hypoxia?

Back 1

A partial reduction in O2 concentration supplied to cells or tissue

Front 2

What is anoxia?

Back 2

A complete reduction in the O2 concentration supplied to cells or tissue

Front 3

Oxygen is critically important for what process in cells?

Back 3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 4

What is kwashiorkor?

Back 4

A nutritional deficiency illness in children who are not getting enough protein

Front 5

What is dermatosparaxis?

Back 5

Recessive disorder of cattle, in which a procollagen peptidase is absent

Front 6

What is hydropic degeneration?

Back 6

Cell swelling

Front 7

What is the most common and fundamental expression of cell injury?

Back 7

Hydropic degeneration

Front 8

What are the best studied laboratory models of cell swelling?

Back 8

1. Hypoxia induced failure of ATP synthesis
2. Carbon tetrachloride induced membrane damage

Front 9

What is probably the most important fundamental cause of acute cell swelling?

Back 9

Hypoxia

Front 10

What is ischemia?

Back 10

Reduced blood flow to a region of the body

Front 11

What type of degeneration is typically seen in epidermal cells infected by epitheliotropic viruses?

Back 11

Ballooning degeneration

Front 12

Which cell types are highly vulnerable to hypoxia and cell swelling?

Back 12

Cardiac myocytes
Proximal renal tubular epithelium
Hepatocytes
Endothelium

Front 13

What is cell death following irreversible cell injury by hypoxia, ischemia, and membrane injury?

Back 13

Oncosis

Front 14

Irreversible injury to what appears to be the death blow to the cell?

Back 14

Mitochondrial membrane

Front 15

What is a molecule that has an unpaired electron?

Back 15

Free radical

Front 16

What is a general gross description of necrotic tissue?

Back 16

Pale, soft and friable, and sharply demarcated from viable tissue by a zone of inflammation

Front 17

What is often a reliable means to distinguish necrosis from autolysis?

Back 17

A sharp line of demarcation

Front 18

What is coagulation necrosis characterized by?

Back 18

Preservation of the basic cell outlines of necrotic cells

Front 19

In what tissues is coagulation necrosis classically seen?

Back 19

Kidney, liver, muscle

Front 20

What term implies conversion of dead cells into a granular friable mass grossly resembling cottage cheese?

Back 20

Caseation necrosis

Front 21

What is the classic cause of caseation necrosis?

Back 21

tuberculosis

Front 22

What is the usual type of necrosis in the CNS?

Back 22

Liquefactive necrosis

Front 23

What leads to a focal liquid collection of necrotic neutrophils and tissue debris?

Back 23

Heterolysis

Front 24

What are the three types of gangrene?

Back 24

Dry gangrene
Moist gangrene
Gas gangrene

Front 25

What is the term for coagulation necrosis secondary to infarction, which is followed by mummification?

Back 25

Dry gangrene

Front 26

What are the three types of fat necrosis?

Back 26

Enzymatic necrosis of fat
Traumatic necrosis of fat
Necrosis of abdominal fat of cattle

Front 27

What term refers to the destruction of fat in the abdominal cavity and usually adjacent to the pancreas, by the action of activated pancreatic lipases?

Back 27

Enzymatic necrosis of fat

Front 28

When is traumatic necrosis of fat seen?

Back 28

When fat is crushed

Front 29

What is fat necrosis of abdominal fat of cattle characterized by?

Back 29

Large masses of necrotic fat in the mesentery, omentum, and retroperitoneally

Front 30

What term refers to death of the entire body?

Back 30

Somatic death

Front 31

What is the term for the contraction of muscles occurring after death?

Back 31

Rigor mortis

Front 32

When does rigor mortis commence after death?

Back 32

One to six hours

Front 33

How long does rigor mortis persist?

Back 33

One to two days

Front 34

What is gradual cooling of the cadaver?

Back 34

Algor mortis

Front 35

What is the gravitational pooling of blood to the down side of the animal?

Back 35

Livor mortis

Front 36

What are the general gross characteristics of postmortem clots?

Back 36

Unattached to vessel walls and tend to be shiny and wet and form a perfect cast of vessel lumens

Front 37

What are the general gross characteristics of antemortem mural arterial thrombi?

Back 37

Attached to arterial walls, tend to be dry and duller in color, and are laminated with a tail extending downstream from the point of attachment.

Front 38

What term is applied to the red staining of tissue, especially heart and arteries and veins beginning some hours after death?

Back 38

Hemoglobin imbibition

Front 39

What is the term used for the blue-green discoloration of the tissue by iron sulfide formed by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide generated by putrefactive bacteria on iron from hemoglobin released from lysed erythrocytes?

Back 39

Pseudomelanosis

Front 40

Mucosal sloughing occurs rapidly in what organ in ruminants?

Back 40

Rumen

Front 41

When my lens opacity occur in the carcass?

Back 41

When it is very cold or frozen

Front 42

What is the term for the uptake and intracellular degradation of damaged or effete organelles?

Back 42

Autophagocytosis

Front 43

What is the term for ingestion of dead or dying cells by phagocytic white cells?

Back 43

Heterophagy

Front 44

How might autophagic vacuoles appear by light microscopy?

Back 44

As eosinophilic inclusions

Front 45

What is the term for residual bodies of autophagic vacuoles?

Back 45

Lipofuscin

Front 46

Cell stress or injury can lead to what three adaptive changes?

Back 46

Increase in size of a tissue or organ
Decrease in tissue and cell size
Change to a different cell type

Front 47

What is the term for an increase in the size of cells or organs?

Back 47

Hypertrophy

Front 48

What is the term for an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ?

Back 48

Hyperplasia

Front 49

In what tissue is hypertrophy most common?

Back 49

Striated muscle

Front 50

What is the term for a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same germ line?

Back 50

Metaplasia

Front 51

Epithelial metaplasia is usually a result of what?

Back 51

Chronic irritation

Front 52

Which vitamin is important for normal differentiation of mucus secreting epithelium?

Back 52

Vitamin A

Front 53

What is the term for the decrease in size of amount of a cell, tissue, or organ after normal growth has been reached?

Back 53

Atrophy

Front 54

What is the term for the decrease in size of a tissue caused by reduction in the number of cells and is usually used to refer to physiologic processes?

Back 54

Involution

Front 55

Serous atrophy of fat may indicate what?

Back 55

Starvation

Front 56

Phospholipids are components of what that are found in necrotic cells?

Back 56

Myelin figures

Front 57

What is the term for the accumulation of triglycerides and other lipid metabolites within parenchymal cells?

Back 57

Lipidosis

Front 58

What are the five mechanisms of hepatic lipidosis?

Back 58

1. Excessive delivery of free fatty acids either from the gut or from adipose tissue
2. Decreased beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones and other substances because of mitochondrial injury
3. Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
4. Impaired combination of triglycerides and protein to form lipoprotein
5. Impaired release of lipoproteins from the hepatocyte

Front 59

Triglycerides can only be transported out of hepatocytes if they are converted to lipoproteins by what?

Back 59

Apolipoprotein

Front 60

In domestic animals, hepatic lipidosis most commonly arises from what?

Back 60

Conditions that cause increased mobilization of body fat stores

Front 61

What are the gross characteristics of hepatic lipidosis?

Back 61

Liver is enlarged, yellow, soft and friable, and the edges of the lobes are rounded and broad

Front 62

Name three fat stains.

Back 62

Sudan III
Scharlach R
Oil-Red-O

Front 63

How is glycogen confirmed?

Back 63

By the PAS and PAS-diastase reactions

Front 64

Variable amounts of glycogen are normally stored in what two cell types?

Back 64

Hepatocytes
Myocytes

Front 65

In diabetes mellitus, glycogen is found in what three cell types?

Back 65

Hepatocytes
Epithelial cells of renal proximal tubules
B cells of the Islets of Langerhans

Front 66

How is glycogen best preserved?

Back 66

By fixing tissue in an alcoholic fixative

Front 67

What is the term which means having a homogeneous, eosinophilic, and glassy appearance?

Back 67

Hyaline

Front 68

What are three categories of intracellular hyaline proteins?

Back 68

Resorption droplets
Russell bodies in plasma cells
Those caused by defects in protein folding

Front 69

Increased incidence of what is the most consistent age-related change in canine hepatocytes?

Back 69

Crystalline protein inclusions

Front 70

Which viruses tend to produce only intranuclear inclusion?

Back 70

DNA viruses such as herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses

Front 71

Which virus causes both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions in nervous tissue?

Back 71

Distemper

Front 72

Viral inclusions are usually surrounded by what?

Back 72

A clear halo

Front 73

Irregularly shaped intranuclear inclusion bodies that are acid-fast may be present in renal tubular epithelial cells in what pathologic condition?

Back 73

Lead poisoning

Front 74

What is the most frequently used special stain for amyloid?

Back 74

Congo red

Front 75

What is the most common form of amyloidosis in human beings?

Back 75

Immunocyte dyscrasia

Front 76

What is the most common form of amyloidosis in animals?

Back 76

Reactive systemic amyloidosis

Front 77

Functionally in dogs, amyloid deposits in what organ are most important?

Back 77

Kidney

Front 78

What is the most frequent site in reactive systemic amyloidosis?

Back 78

Spleen