Pathogens Of The Gastrointestinal Tract

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8 bacterial pathogens

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1. Campylobacter

2. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus

3. Clostridium perfringens

4. Bacillus cereus

5. Vibrio parahaemolyticus

6. Yersinia enterocolitica

7. Staphylococcus aureus

8. Clostridium botulinium

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Commonly associated with diarrhea in humans; grows well at 37 degrees celsius

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Campylobacter jejuni

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Cause diarrhea but are considered less frequent agents for diarrhea

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Campylobacter lari and Campylobacter upsaliensis

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Causes gastritis and gastric ulcers

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Campylobacter pylori a.k.a Helicobacter pyrlori

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Treatment for Campylobacter

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Erythromycin antibiotic

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Causes diarrhea and gastroenteritis

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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Halophilic (salt-loving): grows on environment with high salt concentration

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood causes diseases in humans

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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4 major toxins of Clostridium perfringens

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1. Alpha toxin

2. Beta toxin

3. Epsilon toxin

4. Iota toxin

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1 minor toxin of Clostridium perfringens

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1. Enterotoxins

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Main virulent factor that initiates many critical gastrointestinal disease

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Enterotoxin

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Causes gas gangrene, acute food borne illness in human beings (diarrhea) and also hemolysis in infected individuals

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Alpha toxins

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Found in C. perfringens type B and type C strains, causes pig-bel

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Beta toxin

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What is pig-bel?

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Severe necronizing enteritis

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Produced by type B and type D strains of C. perfringens and is most commonly isolated from animals

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Epsilon toxin

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Produced solely by type E strain of C. perfringens

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Iota toxin

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2 types of infections in C. perfringens

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1. Enterotoxin

2. Beta toxin

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Treatment of C. perfringens

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Oral rehydration, intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement

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2 types of illness caused by B. cereus

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1. Emetic syndrome

2. Diarrheal syndrome

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What causes the emetic syndrome?

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Emetic toxin

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The toxin is produced by the bacteria during the growth phase in the food

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Emetic syndrome

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Induces vomiting

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Emetic

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Occurs when enterotoxins are produced in the intestine, following ingestion of food contaminated with B. cereus

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Diarrheal syndrome

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3 types of enterotoxins associated with the diarrheal syndrome

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1. Enterotoxin haemolysin BL (HBL)

2. Three component non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE)

3. Single component enterotoxin cytotoxin K

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Treatment for B. cereus

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Nisin

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Property of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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It is capable of hemolysin which lyses in human RBCs due to its virulence factor which is heat stable cytotoxin and have been shown to invade intestinal cells. Hence, it is associated with gastroenteritis

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Acquired through contact with pets and domestic stock, contaminated unpasteurized milk and milk products, raw pork, tofu, meats, oysters and fish

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Yersinia enterocolitica

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6 types of transmission of Yersinia enterocolitica

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1. Foodborne

2. Human to human

3. Animal to human (intestinal tracts and feces of animals)

4. Waterborne

5. Direct (from environmental sources)

6. Boo transfusion-associate (contaminated blood)

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2 properties of Yersinia enterocolitica

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1. Ability to penetrate the intestinal wall

2. Their invasion and colonization occurs after ingestion

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5 distinct enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

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1. A (associated with food poisoning)

2. B (associated with staphylococcal enterocolitis)

3. C (associated with contaminated milk products)

4. D (associated with contaminated milk products or in combination with A)

5. E (rare)

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Causes botulism

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Clostidium botulinium

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3 forms of botulism

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1. Foodborne botulism

2. Infant botulism

3. Wound botulism

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2 viral pathogens

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1. Viral gastroenteritis

2. Hepatitis

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4 types of viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis

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1. Rotavirus

2. Caliciviruses

3. Adenovirus

4. Astrovirus

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Leading cause of gastroenteritis among infants and young children

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Rotavirus

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Virus that cause infection in people of all ages

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Caliciviruses

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The most common calicivirus and the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in adult and is usually responsible for epidemics of viral gastroenteritis

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Norovirus

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Mainly infects children younger than 2 years old

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Adenovirus

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Treatments for viral infections

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Loperamide (Imodium) and Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

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Virus that causes Hepatitis A

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Enterovirus 72

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Virus that causes Hepatitis B

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Hepadnavirus (hepatitis DNA virus)

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Virus that causes Hepatitis C

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Togavirus

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Virus that causes Hepatitis D

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Delta virus

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Virus that causes Hepatitis E

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Calicivirus