Pathogens Micro 5

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Pathogens usually enter the host through a

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break in the skin

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Staphylococus are gram

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positive

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movement of Staphylococus are...

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nonmotile, nonspore forming faulatative

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Staphylococus produce the enzyme

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catalase.

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Staphylococus can ferment

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glucose or mannitol to produce acids.

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3 species of Staphylococus are..

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Staphylococus aureus (s. aureus)
Staphylococus epidermidus (s.epidermidus)
Staphylococus saprphyticus (s. saprophyticus)

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s. aureus is the most

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likely species to cause disease

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s. aureus always secretes...
may secrete....

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oagulase and hemolysins

leukocidins, exfoliatin, enterotoxins, penicillinasem hyaluronidase, lipase

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s. aureus may produce

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protein A

pyrogenic toxins

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Protien A

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binds the Fc portion of IgG and alows the bacterium to evade phagocytosis

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s. aureus can cause 6 disesase

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staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
boils, furuncle and carbuncles
wound infections
staphylococcal enteritis
toxic shock syndrome
osteomylitis

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staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

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red peeling skin
high fever
seen mostly in infants and immunocompromised patients

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boils furuncle and carbuncles

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abcess of the skin begins as a boil may spread to form furuncle and move deeper to form a carbuncle

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wound infections

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most common cause of nosocomial wound infections

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staphylococcal enteritis

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intestinal becomes necrotic due to enterotoxin release by s. aureus after surgery or antibiotic use

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toxic shock syndrome

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fever rash nausea vomitting diarrhea exfoliation of palms and soles by an exotoxin

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osteomylitis

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nome infection hard to treat without surgery

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s. epidermidis

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does not serete coagulase
causes very few diseases but may cause nosocomial infection of surgically implanted devices. May also cause sepsis in neonatal nurseries.

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s. saprophyticus

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does not secrete coagulase
frequent cause of urinary tract infections in women age 16-30

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s. pyrogenes is gram...

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positive

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movement of s. pyrogenes

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non motile non spore forming cocci arranged in chains

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s. pyrogenes

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must be treated with anitbiotics to prevent late complications

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s. pyrogenes may cause

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necrotizing fascitis
inpetigo
puerperal fever

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necorotizing fascitis

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s. pyrogenes infects deep tissues and spreads rapidly along CT fascia.

secretes a protein that causes necrosis of surrounding cells and tissues

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impetigo

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skin infection in which small cesicles burst to form amber cursty highly infective lesions.

usually self limiting but highly contagious

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puerperal fever

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mirobe enters deep tissues via the uterus after child birth cuasing sepsis

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) characterisitics

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gram negative, non spore forming strictly aerobic motile rod

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P. aeruginosa extremely resistant to

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anitbiotics

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P. aeruginosa produces

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a green or blue green pifment and a grape like odor when frown on regular culture media

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P. aeruginosa is an

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opportunist.

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P. aeruginosa will cause disease in

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immunocompromized individuals

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P. aeruginosa causes

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severe antibiotic resistant urinary tract infections , pneumonia or sepsis

also skin and ear infections in person s who use hot tubs

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P. aeruginosa produces

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leukocidins and several exotoxins including exotoxin A

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Leptospira characteristics

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highly motile obligately aerobic spirochetes

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Leptospira found

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in nonhuman vertabrate animals and will infect humans when they come into contact with their skin or urine

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Leptospira spreads

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through the bloodstream of the infected human damagin the kidneys the liver the CNS and the eyes

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Leptospira symptoms

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include fever chills muscle aches and photophobia

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Leptospira can also be a form of

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Weils disease, and fort bragg fever

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Leptospira is most common among

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slaughterhouse workers, livestock handelersm sewage workers

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Clostridium tetani (c. tetani) characteristics

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gram positive spore forming strictly anaerobic motile rods

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c. tetani found in

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soil, dust, and feces,. infects humans when these materials come in to contact with an open wound.

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c. tetani produces

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a neurotoxin that interfere with the relaxation of some muscles

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c. tetani can be cleared with

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antibiotics and a antitoxin.

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Clostridium perfiringens (c. perfringens) characteristics

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gram positive spore forming strictly anaerobic motile rods.

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c. perfringens causes

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gas gangrene

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c. perfringens found in

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soil dust and feces. Humans infected when conatminated soil comes into contact with an open wound.

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c. perfringens secretes

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exotoxins called lethal toxins. cause tissue destruction, cardiac damage, and are thought to produce a high fever.

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B. anthracis characteristics

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gram positive pspore forming encapsulated rod.

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B. anthracis produces

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an exotoxin and an enzyme that work together to interfere with the phagocyti abilites of host leukocytes.

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B. anthracis ususally found in

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sheep cattle and few other plant eating animasl. humans become infeted trhough the skin due to contact with the endospores carried by the infected animals. .

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B. anthracis causes the disease

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anthrax. which produces a cutaneous lesion called a malignant pustule. spreads rapidly through the body.

pulminary form is called wool sorters disease.

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dermatophytoses

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a type of fungus that enters the body via the skin

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dermatophytoses is carried

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in dogs and cats

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dermatophytoses infectinos starts

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at a single point and spreads outward. Ringworm.

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dermatophytoses is typically called

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tinia;

tiniea pedis - foot
tinea corporis - skin
tinea capitis - scalp
tinea unguium- nails

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conjunctivitis

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inflammation of the cinjunctiva of the eye. with redness and pus like discharge. contagious.

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neonatal gonorrhea ophthalmia

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an extremely serious form of conjunctivitis that occurs in the eyes of newborn infants.

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inclusion conjunctivitis

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usually a mild ofrm of conjunctivitis acquired by newborns during passage through the birth canal.

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trachoma

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a severe form of conjunctivits that causes scarring of the cornea due to the abrasive action of scar tissue esewhere in and around the eye. Most common cause of blindness worldwide.

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Normal flora of the respiratory tract

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located in the upper respiratory tract deposited by incoming air. the lower respiratory tract of a healthy person contains no permanent normal flora

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streptococcus

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all are gram positive non motile cocci that form chains. Aerotolerant bacteria. catalase negative.

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streptococcus is the most

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important respiratory pathogen

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streptococcus has 3 types

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alpha hemolytic strep
beta hemolytic strep
gamma hemolytic strep

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alpha hemolytic strep

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called alpha hemolysis. RBCs are partially lysed. causes blood agar to turn a green or brown color. which are called viridans streptococci.

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beta hemolytic strep

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beta hemolysis - RBCs are completely lysed. causes blood agar to become clear

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gamma hemoyltic strep

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gamma hemolysis - RBCs are unaffected.

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Lancefield classification system

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a means of classifying the beta hemolytic and gamma hemolytic streptococci. (not alpha)

Using the alphabet to classify the type of C carbohydrate they produce.

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The identification of the C carbohydrate can only occur if

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an acid has been added to the bacteria until the pH reaches about 2

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streptokinase

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and enzyme secreted by streptococci
dissolves blood clots

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DNAse

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and enzyme secreted by streptococci
breaks down DNA

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erythrogenic toxin

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and enzyme secreted by streptococci
cuases a reddish skin rash and a high fever

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leukocidins

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and enzyme secreted by streptococci
kill host leukocytes

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lethal toxin

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and enzyme secreted by streptococci
kills mice

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hyaluronidase

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breaks down hyaluronic acid in host "spreading factor'

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streptococcal pharyngitis

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strep throat

infection of the throat and tonsils
irritating to mucous membranes of the throat
cause enlarged lumph nodes and elevated WBC count and fever
often associated with epidemics

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impetigo

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already discussed as a skin pathogen

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scarlet fever

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similar to streptococcal pharyngitis with reddish skin rash and high fever

associated with erythrogenic toxin

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toxic shock like syndrome

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infection spreads rapidly produces symptoms similar to those of TSS

very high mortality rate

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acute glomerulonephritis

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destruction of kidney tissue caused by immune response to s. pyogenes antigens

can lead to kidney failure

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rheumatic fever

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damage to heart valves and joints due to immune response to s. pyogenes antigens

cardiac damage may be severe

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subacute bacterial endoarditis (SBE)

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caused by viridans carieties and enterococci

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SBE caused by

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viridans varieties and enterococci in people with previously damaged heart valves

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SBE infects

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damaged eart valves and cuases further damage and especially damageing to the bicuspid valve

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SBE symptoms

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fever heart murmur anemia and enlarged spleen are common

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Dental caries caused by

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several species of streptococci

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Dental caries is contracted by

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when saliva and tooth enamael interact anaquired pellicle forms on the tooth surface

bacteria grow on the aquires pellicle forming thick crusts called plaque and eventually damage enamel

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Dental caries is prevented by

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proper brushing and flossing