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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the minimum requirements for growth in bacteria?
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carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosporus, hydrogen, sulfur, energy, water, and ions like iron.
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What is the purpose of siderophores?
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Siderophores are secreted by bacteria to sequester iron from the surrounding environment, i.e. the host.
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What are some factors that affect growth of a bacterium?
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pH and temperature
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What are psychrophiles?
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Bacteria that are able to tolerate very cold temperatures.
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What are mesophiles?
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Bacteria that are able to tolerate a moderate temperature.
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What are thermophiles?
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Bacteria that are able to survive extremely high temperatures.
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What is a heterotroph?
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An organism that cannot fix carbon, and therefore must consume it and break it down in some other way. Pathogens are heterotrophic.
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What is catabolism?
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The breakdown of chemical compounds. This creates energy.
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What is anabolism?
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The synthesis of chemical compounds. This requires energy.
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What is the purpose of catabolism?
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to create precursors for biosynthesis (building blocks) and the fuel metabolism and cellular processes (energy)
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Describe the energy transfer in redox reactions (i.e. Where do the electrons go?)
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The reduced compound is a higher energy compound like glucose, and therefore has more electrons. This can be oxidized via catabolism, lose its electrons, and give the H and electron to NAD.
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What is the purpose of NAD and FAD?
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It's used as an "electron shuttle" to transport electrons after a redox reaction with glucose. They act as electron acceptors.
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How is energy stored within the body?
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Energy is stored in a high-energy phosphate bond within ATP.
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What is oxidation?
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loss of electrons, loss of hydrogen.
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What is reduction?
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Gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen.
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How does NAD work?
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NAD oxidizes a molecule like glucose and is therefore reduced iteself. It's reduced form, NADH, travels to the ETC, is where they are oxidized to produce energy.
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How is energy produced?
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Energy is generated by the phorphorylation of Addenosine diphosphate .
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How much ATP and NADH is used and generated in glycolysis? Does glycolysis require oxygen?
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2 ATP is used, 4 ATP and 2 NADH is produced, therefore a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH is produced. Does not require oxygen.
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What is produced in the TCA cycle?
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GTP, NADH, and FADH2.
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What is an aerobe?
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An organism that can grow in an oxygenated environment.
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What is a facultative anaerobe?
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Makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is also capable of fermentation.
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What is an obligate anaerobe?
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Die in the presence of oxygen.
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What are microaerophiles?
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Organisms that require less than atmospheric amounts of oxygen to survive.
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What are aerotolerant organisms?
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Doesn't require oxygen for growth.
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Breifly describe aerobic respiration.
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Metabolic process that involves oxygen as final electron acceptor. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETC. Produces 38 ATP per glucose.
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Briefly describe anaerobic respiration.
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Metabolic process in which something other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor, e.g. nitrates, sulphates. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETC. Produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
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Briefly describe the fermentation process.
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There is glycolysis but no TCA cycle or electron tranport chain. NADH can reduce pyruvate to fermentation end products, which can recycle NAD but doesn't create energy.
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