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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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living organisms arise from preexisting living cells
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biogenesis
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He proved that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine.
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PASTEUR
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Body’s defense against a particular disease-causing microorganism or virus
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immunity
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Process of conferring immunity by administration of a vaccine
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immunization
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Preparation of living or dead microbes, viruses, or their components used to immunize a person against a particular disease
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vaccine
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5 kingdoms
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Monera
Protista Fungi Plantae animalia |
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includes prokaryotes
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Monera
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includes algae and protozoa(single celled eukaryotes)
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Protista
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classifications of kingdom
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phylum
class order family genus species |
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tiniest living organism
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virus
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Are not cellular. They parasitize on living cells and require other cell’s machinery to grow and replicate.
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viruses
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some viruses have this, like a cover around, made up of lipid bi-layer
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envelope
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outer shell of virus, made up of identical proteins
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capsid
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part of virus that contains genetic material, RNA or DNA
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core
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the parasites of bacteria
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bacteriophage
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eukaryotic organisms with a defined cellular structures
They are mostly filamentous or spore shaped There are between 100,000 to 200, 000 species |
fungi
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fungi lack ? and are mostly non ?
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chlorophyll
motile |
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The fungi are more evolutionarily advanced forms of ? and are classified as ?
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microorganisms
eukaryotes |
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The cell membrane contains ?, a unique compound found only in fungi
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Ergosterol
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how do fungi reproduce?
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spores, both asexual and sexual
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single celled fungi known as?
multicellular? |
yeast
mycelium |
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Most of the fungi are ?, may grow in either form
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dimorphic
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fungal cell walls are similar in structure to ? but differ in chemical composition
what? |
plants
fungi - chitin plant - cellulose |
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fungi are ? meaning it feeds on dead plant or animal tissue for a source of nutrition and metabolic energy
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saprophytes
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Most fungi store their food as ?
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glycogen
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4 classes of fungi
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Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes |
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an etiological agent of fungal infection of the oral cavity. It causes “stomatitis”.
The classic form is marked by the presence of creamy white plaques on an erythematousbase. Plaques can usually be removed by scraping, revealing the bleeding base beneath. |
candida albicans
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These are diseases involving skin, hair, and nails.
The pathogenic fungi have limited invasive capacity. They gain access into host mostly during trauma conditions. |
cutaneous fungal infections
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infection of the skin
use what as the host |
dermatophyses
keratin |
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characterized by the presence of chlorophyll and other pigments, and they carry out plantlike photosynthesis
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algae
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how do algae reproduce
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mostly asexual
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probably represent the most significant danger afforded by the algae
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algal toxins
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a symbiosis between either a fungus and an algae or a fungus and a cyanobacteria and occupies a habitat where neither would survive alone
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lichen
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lichen covers ?% of the worlds surface
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8
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one-celled eukaryotic animals (unicellular) found worldwide in most habitats, most prevalent in tropics. Most species are free living, but all higher animals are infected with one or more species of this
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protozoa
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microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities
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protozoa
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how do protozoa reproduce
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asexually
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In most protozoa the cytoplasm is differentiated into ? (the outer, transparent layer) and ? (the inner layer containing organelles
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ectoplasm
endoplasm |
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unicellular prokaryotes the lack a distinct nucleus
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bacteria
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The morphology of bacterium is maintained by a rigid cell wall and it is the nature of this cell wall that allows us to divide bacteria into two basic groups
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gram positive
gram negative |
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which cell wall is more complex in bacteria?
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gram negative
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cell wall made of peptido-glycan polymer
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gram positive cell wall
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what acts as an anchor for bacteria and is only found in gram +?
glycerol, phosphates, & ribitol |
teichoic acids
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These organisms do not stain with Gram stain. Outer cell wall layers of these bacteria contains unusual glycolipids besides peptidoglycan layer
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acid-fast bacteria
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three architectural regions of bacteria
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appendages
cell envelope cytoplasmic region |
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part of bacteria in the form of flagella and pili
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appendages
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part of bacteria consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma
membrane |
cell envelope
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part of bacteria that contains the DNA, ribosomes and other inclusions
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cytoplasmic region
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obtain their carbon and energy for growth from organic compounds in nature
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Heterotroph
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use carbon dioxide as a sole source of carbon for growth and obtain energy from light
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Autotroph
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THOSE THAT LIVE AT VERY COLD TEMPERATURES (ZERO DEGREES OR LOWER) ARE CALLED ?
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PSYCHROPHILES
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PSYCHROPHILESTHOSE WHICH FLOURISH AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (25 DEGREES) OR AT THE TEMPERATURE OF WARM-BLOODED ANIMALS (37 DEGREES) ARE CALLED ?
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mesophiles
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THOSE THAT LIVE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES (GREATER THAN 45 DEGREES) ARE ?
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THERMOPHILES
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series of chemical reactions by which bacteria carry out the synthesis of cellular components
series of chemical reactions by which bacteria convert substrates to usable forms of energy |
anabolism
catabolism |
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4 phases of growth for bacteria
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lag
exponential stationary decline |
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Bacterial number doubles after certain period of time, called
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generation time
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microorganism that is able to cause disease in an animal or plant
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pathogen
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A mutually-beneficial association between two organisms (both organisms benefit from each others association).
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mutualism
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An association between two organisms wherein one organism may benefit but neither is harmed.
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commensalism
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A relationship between two organisms in which one organism lives at the expense of the other and may cause damage or harm to it.
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parasitism
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quantitative term used to indicate the relative degree of pathogenicityof a specific microorganism
or the ability of a bacterium to cause infection |
virulence
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prominent hair-like appendages on bacteria
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fimbriae
pili |
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is a property of the host in which there is an immunologically-specific reduction in the immune response to a given Ag
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tolerance
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If a bacterial Ag is very similar to normal host "antigens", the immune responses to this Ag may be weak giving a degree of tolerance
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molecular mimicry
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Bacteria may be able to coat themselves with host proteins
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antigenic disguise
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are circulating cells that phagocytize foreign particles including microbes
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neutrophils
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The “community” of bacteria that adheres to the tooth and causes caries are known as
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dental plaque
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is the localized destruction of the tissues of the tooth by acid produced from the bacterial degradation of fermentable sugars
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dental caries
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Now due to the scientific research, only a few bacteria has been demonstrated to cause caries. Such bacteria are known as ?
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“cariogenic” bacteria
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There are three interrelated factors that cause caries
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specific bacteria
access to sugar tooth |
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Certain bacteria possesses the ability to store polysaccharide and continue to secrete acid long after the food has been swallowed. Thus these bacteria can demineralize the tooth surface for a long period of time after the food consumption, which leads to caries
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mutans streptococci
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3 types of cariogenic bacteria
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mutans streptococci
lactobacilli actinomyces |
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DNA fingerprinting indicates that ? generally are transmitted from mother to infant
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s. mutans
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what need a hard surface to colonize?
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mutans streptococci
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three MS that are associated with caries
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s mutans
s sobrinus lactobacillus casei |
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pH point when enamel is harmed?
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5.3
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Dietary CHO + biofilm = ? which fuses into enamel causing a local pH drop
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lactic acid
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what kind of bacteria is Streptococcus mutans
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gram +
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S mutans are categorized as ? streptococci and test negative for both ? and ?
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viridans
catalase and oxidase |
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the formation of what allows the cariogenic bacteria to cause caries?
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glucan formation
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the formation of ? extends the depth and duration of dental plaque acidification
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fructans
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? destroys enamel rapidly, but slow in destroying dentin
? destroys enamel slowly, but rapidly destroys dentin |
S. mutans
A.viscosus |
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? is an adhesive layer which deposits on the surface of the tooth and has colonies of bacteria
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plaque
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what forms first on teeth?
what are initial colonizers that attach to this? |
acquired pellicle
Streptococci actinomyces |
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Bacterial macromolecule that binds to specific receptors on host cells and defines the tropism of the microbe for various cells or tissues
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adhesin
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what kind of bacteria are 1st degree colonizers?
2nd and 3rd? |
gram +
gram - |
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4 types of caries
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smooth surface
dentinal caries root caries pit and fissure caries |
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the 2 plaques present in rampant caries
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mutans streptococci
lactobacilli |
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an effective oral agent that has a broad spectrum of activity against yeasts fungi, and a wide range of bacteria
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chlorhexidine
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Classical appearance of carious lesion in enamel usually manifests four zones:
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surface zone
body of lesion dark zone translucent zone |
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Mineralized surface layer remains almost unaffected and in place for some time: important feature of the early enamel lesion
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surface zone 1-5%
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largest zone, region is which bulk of mineral is lost
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body 5-20%
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Appears as band on deep aspect of the body
Dense, brown opaque zone in which little structure can be seen |
dark zone 2-4%
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At inner advancing front of the enamel lesion
First recognizable alterations in enamel structure observable by light microscopy: large pores created by demineralization at the prism junctures and at cross striations |
translucent zone
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No evidence of decalcification clinically or radiographically
Completely in enamel Consists of translucent zone |
stage 1
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Clinically and radiographically undetectable
Developing dark zone located centrally |
stage 2
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Breakdown in the center of the dark zone
Formation of body of lesion Clinically appears as a white spot |
stage 3
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Increase in size of lesion body
Surface zone shows more decalcification Clinical white spot Beginning of dentin involvement. |
stage 4
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Earliest stages of cavity formation
Dentin involvement Remineralization of the defect is unlikely at this point. |
stage 5
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Clinical cavity formation
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stage
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first detection of smooth surface caries
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loss of inter-rod substance
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which caries produce greater cavitation with more undermining of enamel
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pit and fissure caries
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? works by capillary action, whereas sealants only cover incipient caries lesions at the surface of the tooth. With this technique, a low viscosity resin is drawn deep into the pore system of a lesion like a sponge draws up liquid. The resin completely fills the pores within the tooth, replacing lost tooth structure and stopping caries progression by blocking the pore system
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caries infiltration
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what area is going to be greater in caries? enamel or dentin?
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dentin
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? is involved before breakdown of enamel surface
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Dentin
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what act as paths for bacteria leading to the pulp?
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dentin tubules
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Invading bacteria secrete a large amount of ? (usually considered responsible for degradation of the dentin ECM during carious process) into the fluid in dentinal tubules and form acids during glycolysis
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hydrolytic enzymes
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what are suggested to play a role in destruction of dentin organic matrix following demineralization by bacterial acids.
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MMPs
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what present in the carious dentin that extends at right angles to the dentinal tubules, accounts for the peeling off of dentin in layers while excavating
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clefts
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Clinical cavity formation
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stage
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first detection of smooth surface caries
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loss of inter-rod substance
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which caries produce greater cavitation with more undermining of enamel
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pit and fissure caries
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? works by capillary action, whereas sealants only cover incipient caries lesions at the surface of the tooth. With this technique, a low viscosity resin is drawn deep into the pore system of a lesion like a sponge draws up liquid. The resin completely fills the pores within the tooth, replacing lost tooth structure and stopping caries progression by blocking the pore system
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caries infiltration
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what area is going to be greater in caries? enamel or dentin?
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dentin
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? is involved before breakdown of enamel surface
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Dentin
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what act as paths for bacteria leading to the pulp?
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dentin tubules
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Invading bacteria secrete a large amount of ? (usually considered responsible for degradation of the dentin ECM during carious process) into the fluid in dentinal tubules and form acids during glycolysis
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hydrolytic enzymes
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what are suggested to play a role in destruction of dentin organic matrix following demineralization by bacterial acids.
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MMPs
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what present in the carious dentin that extends at right angles to the dentinal tubules, accounts for the peeling off of dentin in layers while excavating
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clefts
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If dentin is damaged the odontoblastic processes retract or die leaving empty dentinal tubules which form areas of ?
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dead tracts
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Dead tracts (A) become filled with mineral and are called ?
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blind tracts
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The root surface must be exposed to the ? before caries can develop here.
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oral environment
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critical pH in root caries
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6.7
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No % daily value
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Trans fat
sugar protein |
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how to calculate carb daily value
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calories of carbs / 4 = grams of carbs
grams or carb / 10 = grams of sugar grams of sugar / 4 = teaspoons of sugar |
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how many teaspoons of sugar should you consume?
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7.5 - 9 daily
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The science of how the body utilizes food to meet requirements for development, growth, repair, and maintenance
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nutrition
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Teeth are unusual in that nutritional influences are exerted
primarily during when? |
formation
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Medical conditions such as vitamin ? deficiency can also lead to malformation of tooth enamel making tooth decay more likely
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D
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The most important goal of preventive dentistry is to ?
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reduce the consumption of sweet products to a minimum.
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what leads to destruction of tooth?
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chronic infectious transmissible disease
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A chemical dissolution of the dental hard tissues by acidic bacterial products from the degradation of low molecular weight sugars
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dental caries
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?% of dental caries found in 25% of population
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80
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A colorless film call ?
forms on teeth |
mucin (acidic glycoproteins)
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five related factors of dental caries
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bacteria
sugar length of time sugar is available modified by fluoride modified by saliva |
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pH threshold level for caries development
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5.5
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Dental plaque must be about ? old before the acid formation in response to sucrose is sufficient to cause enamel demineralization
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2 days
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More predictive of caries outcome than sugar consumption ?
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infrequent tooth brushing and not using fluoridated toothpaste.
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test used to identify patients most at risk for future decay
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PRAT (pediatric risk assessment tool)
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The progressive irreversible loss of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by extrinsic and/or intrinsic acids by a process that does not involve bacteria.
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dental erosion
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Start in pits, fissures or contact surfaces
Start facio-gingival third and spread laterally in superficial plains in enamel prior to invading the dentin |
carious lesions
erosion lesions |
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what causes tooth erosion?
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acidic drinks, not diet
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primary factor in extrinsic erosion in drinks
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underlying acidity
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body's most effective way to protect enamel
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saliva
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when and how should you consume soda?
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only at mealtime and with a straw
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Increases saliva flow and has been shown to decrease intraoral bacterial and the acidity associated with the bacteria
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xylitol chewing gum
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chemically
◦ Saccharin ◦ Aspartame ◦ Sucralose plants ◦ Stevioside ◦ Thaumatins ◦ Monellin |
non caloric non carb sweeteners
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sucralose
how many times sweeter than sucrose |
splenda
600 |
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fructose compared to sucrose
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2X sweeter
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which is sweeter, fructose or high fructose corn syrup?
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fructose
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hfcs is identical to what?
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table sugar
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Carbonated soft drinks
Similar in sweetness to table sugar Less sweet & used in fruitflavored non-carbonated drinks, baked goods, other foods |
HFSC-55
HSFC-42 |
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Autosomal recessive disorder of fructose metabolism
Deficiency of fructose-1-phosphate aldolase Accumulated in liver, kidney, small intestine inhibits glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis Ingestion of fructose or other sugars metabolized through fructose-1-phosphate Avoid the occurrence of symptoms: fructose- and sucrose-free diet. |
HFI (hereditary fructose intolerance)
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South American plant
Native to Paraguay |
stevia rebaudiana
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saccharin (not metabolized in the body)
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sweet'N low
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aspartame (200X)
contains PKU which body cannot metabloize |
equal or nutrisweet
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“The estimated amount (usu. expressed in milligrams per kilograms (2.2lbs) of body weight per day) that a person can safely consume on average every day over a lifetime without risk.
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accepted daily intake (ADI)
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Sugar Alcohols
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polyols
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Excess consumption may have a laxative effect
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polyols
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What is the most cariogenic dietary constituent because it is fermentable and serves as a substrate for bacterial synthesis of extracellular (EPS) and intracellular (IPS) polysaccharides in dental plaque
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sucrose
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Cariogenic flora is predominated by ?
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streptococcus mutans
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what promotes bacterial adherence to tooth and contributes to the structural integrity of the biofilm?
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EPS (ecological plaque hypothesis)
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neutrophil products
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lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate lysozyme |
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Catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate ion (SCN-) and hydrogen peroxide
• Bactericidal to some strains of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans • Prevents the accumulation of lysine and glutamic acid required for bacterial growth |
Lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate
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Hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves the linkage
between structural components of cell wall (hydrolyzing beta 1-4 glucosidic linkages between N-acetylmuramic and Nacetylglucosamine peptidoglycan) • Effective against both gm pos. (Veillonella species) and gm neg. (Aa) |
lysozyme
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Binds to iron (competition with bacteria for a required growth factor)
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lactoferrin
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what pH do periodontal pathogens prefer?
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neutral or alkaline pH
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high MW glycoproteins (MG1, MG2), viscoelastic properties that aid in mastication and swallowing of food bolus
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mucins
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family of small basic peptides that display bactericidal and fungicidal activity (Candida albicans)
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histatins
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hasten blood coagulation and protect wounds from bacterial invasion
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coagulation factors (VIII, IX, X)
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salivary antibodies related to
allergies primary humoral response secondary humoral response saliva |
IgE
IgM IgG IgA |
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due to modified structure it is more resistant to bacterial proteolytic enzymes
• Secretory component facilitates transport into secretions and protects it against proteolytic attack |
sIgA (secretory IgA)
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the predominant Ig in seromuccous secretions including saliva, colostrum, milk, and trachebronchial and genitourinary secretions
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sIga
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what does sIgA promote
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phagocytosis
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salivary molecules such as MG1 and PRP interact with tooth surface via ionic and hydrophobic forces
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dental pellicle
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what binds to dental pellicle
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strep and actinomyces lectins
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enzyme utilized to metabolize sucrose and maintain low pH
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glucosyl transferase
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sharing of genetic material which can afford protection to microbial organisms
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transposons
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what was the problem with caries vaccine?
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created problems in cardiac tissue
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new caries vaccine
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STAMP
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First is a ‘homing sequence’ that is as unique as a fingerprint for a specific bacterium to assure the this can be delivered to its target
Second part is a small anti-microbial bomb that is chemically linked to homing sequence and kills bacterium upon delivery |
STAMP
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what is different about STAMP vs. other caries vaccines
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direct lytic activity, no sIgA or IgG response
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target of vaccine for periodontitis
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P.g. or Porphyromonas gingivalis
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help Pg to adhere to RBC and to evade host response by degrading Ig and impairing neutrophil function
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gingipains
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Dens (n) = ?
Fricare (v) = ? |
tooth
to rub |
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primary abrasive in dentifrices (toothpaste)
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baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
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Removes stain and helps clean
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abrasive
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Thought to play a role in Crohn’s disease
• Ingestion of these may promote ulceration of the GI tract |
silicates
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probe does not stick, no caries
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traditional fissure caries model
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what keeps you from feeling the decay with the probe
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organic plug
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what is used to detect caries now?
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Kavo diagnodent
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types of prevention
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primary
secondary tertiary |
