Patho Week 1

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Pathopysiology

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Study of diseases that affect the body; study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function

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Acute Disease

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Short-Term

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Chronic Disease

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Long-Term

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Homeostasis

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Body strives to maintain balance; regulated by the brain; every function is continuous

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Etiology

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Cause, reason or contribution factors of a disease - for example - medical lab reports skin cancer and person spent too much time in sun - hence sun exposure is etiology for this skin cancer

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Clinical Manifestations

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Signs and symptoms of a disease (ex., redness, warmth, swelling).
Sign - you can see, touch or feel (objective)
Symptom - Patient tells you how they feel (subjective)

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Inherited Disease

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disease or disorder that is inherited (think colorblindness or sickle cell anemia)

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Congenital Disease

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Disease that is present at birth or recongized prior to birth(heart disease, etc)

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Metabolic Disease

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Disease or disorder that disrupts normal metabolism and are typically hereditary

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Neoplastic Disease

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Cancer

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Immunologic Diseases

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Auto-immune disorders - the body attacks itself - think lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

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Physical-Agent Induced Diseases

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Diseases caused by exposure to an outside agent - think of mesitheliomoa - the lung cancer from asbestos exposure

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Nutritional Deficiency Disease

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Disease caused by lack of nutrients - iron deficient anemia

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Iatrogenic Disease

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Disease caused by treatment of or for another problem. Think of going into the hospital for surgery and acquiring MRSA while in the hospital - MRSA is the iatrogenic disease

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Psychogenic Disease

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Disease that begins in the mind or in mental or emotional conflict - think chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia - some people think these are just all in the mind

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Idiopathic Disease

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A disease of unknown origin

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Cellular Response

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cell receives a message and responds (i.e., a temperature change)

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Cellular Adaptaion

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Cells may adapt at specified times and either will thrive or will not thrive

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Cell Function

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function changes within cells (i.e., muscle cells, blood cells, skin cells, cardiac cells)

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Reversible Cell Injury

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cell can return to normal, cell has adaptive response and returns to normal state (i.e., sore muscles after raking leaves)

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Irreversible Cell Injury

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Cell death if injury is too severe; permanent loss or damage (i.e., brain is injured with lack of oxygen)

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What causes Cell Injury?

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Poor Nutrition/Malnutrition
Hypoxia (lack of O2)
Genetics (DNA is unchangable)
Physical (Car accident)
Chemical (Drugs, smoking)

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Hydropic Swelling

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Reversible Cell Injury
Accumulation of water within the cell as a result of sodium/potassium pump failure, body cannot adapt for very long
S/S: organ enlargment (i.e., hepatomegaly, splenomegaly)

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Intracellular Injury

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Reversible Cell Injury
Occurs within the vessels and cells are changing; normal function is decreased, toxic substances
S/S: Hyperlipidemia, ischmemia (vascular obstruction), hyperbilirubinemia

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Atrophy

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Adaptation to injury
cells become SMALLER b/c of lack of use, starvation, lack of nutrients, aging or repeated injury - cells no longer function the same

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Hypertrophy

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Adaptation to injury
cells become LARGER - caused by steroids/hormones, weightlifting, overuse of muscle

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Hyperplasia

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Adaptation to injury
Cells INCREASE IN NUMBER (a corn or callus)

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Metaplasia

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Adaptation to injury
REPLICATION of normal cells, cells replacing cells, cells changing in number - DOES NOT CAUSE PROBLEMS (external keloids or scars)

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Dysplasia

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Adaptation to injury
Can be CANCEROUS - can distinguish by the way cells look (i.e., cervial dysplasia or a cafe-au-lait birthmark)

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Necrosis

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IRREVERSIBLE CELLULAR INJURY
cells are injured, destroyed or cannot be saved and evenutally die
S/S: Specific to organ/tissue
Progressive

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Coagulative Necrosis

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Irreversible Cell Injury
skin is damaged and cells leak fluid (plasma proteins), body tries to maintain and repair

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Liquefactive Necrosis

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Irreversible Cell Injury
Confined to BRAIN Tissue injuries - release of fluids and buildup of debris - hypoxia occurs due to only so much space in head

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Fat Necrosis

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Irreversible Cell Injury
organs cannot function - common with liver and pancreas diseases

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Casous Necrosis

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Irreversible Cell Injury
specific to tuberculosis - effects lungs - clumps of tissue invade lung and look like cottage cheese

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Gangrene

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FOLLOWS NECROSIS

Major destruction; large area of cell destruction, classified by appearance

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Gas Gangrene

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clostridial and myonecrosis (muscle tissue damage); classic to clostridial invasion: the eating away of tissues by bacteria—bacteria is anaerobic so it feeds off of skin; painful, high temperature, and can be fatal

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Dry Gangrene

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tissue is cold and black; no bacteria present; tissue sloughs off; caused by circulation problems; very common in diabetics: this impairs circulation

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Wet Gangrene

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not caused by clostridium so you know it isn’t gas gangrene; you see blisters; painful; foul smell

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Apoptosis

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Programmed Cellular Death using regulatory mechanisms - this is a normal function - examples - menstrual cycle, immune function, radiation and chemotherapy

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Biological Processes of Death

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Somatic Death (Brain Death)
Rigor Mortis
Liver Mortis

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Somatic Death

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Brain Death

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Rigor Mortis

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rapid buildup of lactic acid leads muscles to stiffen - this goes from head-to-toe (cephalocaudal process) and determines time of death.
0 - stiffness is absent
Mild - perceived stiffness in a joint
Moderate - difficulty breaking rigor in a joint
Full - great force needed to break rigor

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Liver Mortis

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blood or fluid settles in dependent areas (i.e., back) and causes a noticeable bluish to purplish discoloration

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Ischemia/Hypoxia

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Cells don't receive enough oxgyen due to lack of blood flow

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Cephalocaudal

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Head-to-toe