Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Free Radicals Formation
|
*An Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that contain an unpaired electron
* Unstable, formed by oxidation/reduction process * Causes damage by: * Lipid Preoxidation * Attacks proteins, which disrupts transport channels * Free Radicals are created when a cell is exposed to and absorbs large amounts of energy (UV), redox reactions, and enzymatic reactions to chemicals not usually found in the body. |
|
|
Damage Caused by Free Radicals
|
*Destroys lipid in the membrane (Lipid Preoxidation)
* Leads to membrane damage and permeability *Attacks proteins that are needed for transport pumps in the cell membrane *Causes DNA damage, which can cause cancer *Attacks protein synthesis and damages mitochondria *Antioxidants can protect against some oxidative stresses |
|
|
Chemical Agents
|
*Common cause of cell injury
*Begins with biochemical reaction that occurs upon contact with the agents |
|
|
Chemical Agents:
*Lead |
*Common in children
*Leads to CNS problems *Leads to poor nutrition, neurological deformation, and developmental disabilities due to death of brain cells *Can cause Anemia, Kidney Problems, Seizures, Parasthesias, and Delirium |
|
|
Chemical Agents:
*Carbon Monoxide |
*Colorless, odorless and undetectable
*Affinity is 300x more then oxygen to hemoglobin *Causes people to suffocate *Very hard to treat bc it binds so well to hemoglobin |
|
|
Chemical Agents:
*Alcohol |
*Creates deficiencies in B6, thiamine (folic acid), magnesium, phosphorus
*Causes liver damage because of blocking of normal metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the liver. |
|
|
Chemical Agents:
*Drugs |
NEED TO LOOK IN BOOK
PAGE 75 |
|
|
Physical/Mechanical Agents
|
*Exposure to physical or mechanical agents can lead to cell injury or death
|
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Hyperthermia |
*Causes dehydration, diarrhea, and endotoxins to be released from the GI tract, which causes the release of inflammatory cytokines, which can cause multiorgan dysfunction syndrome.
* At 40-41C never damage and convulsions occur * At 43C death results *Heat also causes changes to the axons, nerve cells, glial cells and vascular cells |
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Hypothermia |
*A Condition when the temperature in the body is below 35C
*Causes high intracellular sodium due to fluid leakage into interstitial tissues, vasconstricition, increased blood viscosity, therefore decreased oxygen, leading to NA pump malfunction and K diffues outwards (Oncosis) *Causes Diuresis, diluted urine, which leads to major dehydration *Slows all physiological functions including cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Slows down metabolism which leads to an increased need for O2 and glucose *30C- Thermoregulation stops, and the body can no longer regulate its own temperature. Outside sources, such as a warming blanket, are needed to bring the bodies temp up. |
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Atmospheric Pressure |
*High Pressure: Causes an increase in oxygen and di-nitrogen gas content in the blood, causing toxicity. Going from high pressure to normal pressure too fast can cause di-nitrogen bubbles to be released, which causes arterial gas embolism. Very high pressures can cause the body to become compressed causing mechanical injury.
*Low Pressure: Causes there to be less oxygen in the atmosphere, causing Hypoxia |
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Ionizing Radiation |
*Damages DNA, RNA and proteins, which creates long term cancer issues.
*Short term is can create free radicals |
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Illumination |
*UV light can cause skin cancer by creating gene mutations
|
|
|
Physical Agents:
*Noise |
*Loud noises can cause hearing loss and can cause stress and depression
|
|
|
Mechanical Agents:
*List of 6 |
1. Contusions: Bruise
2. Abrasions: Skinned Knee 3. Laceration: Cut 4. Fractures: Bones 5. Gun Shot Wounds: (Multifaceted) 6. Sharp Force Injuries: *Stab vs. Puncture Wounds |
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Cellular Swelling |
*Individual cell swelling can be seen under a microscope, however it can also be seen on the surface of skin, like when you get your finger stuck in the door.
*Edematous: Swelling *Erythematous: Redd |
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Lipid and Glycogen Deposits |
*Tay Sach's Disease: an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes an inability to breakdown gangliosides, a fatty acid derivative.
*Niemann-Pick Disease: A harmful amount of lipids accumulate in the spleen, lungs, bone marrow, livers and brain *Gaucher Disease: A lipid metabolism disorder that causes an enlarged spleen, liver, muscle and bone weakness with seizures. (Mostly ashkenazi Jews) *Fatty liver can occur in ppl who ingest significant amounts of alcohol over time. Also occurs with diabetes, obesity, those taking corticosteroids and in Rye Syndrome, |
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Pigmentation |
*Jaundice: Measured with bilirubin, can often be seen in the skin or sclera of eye as a yellowish color
*Hemosiderosis: Accumulation of excessive iron in the body such as the lungs bc of iron overload. Can destroy the liver, and the pancreas, and can be seen with liver biopsy. |
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Calcification |
*Calcium deposits on heart valves, kidney stones and center of tumors
|
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Protein |
*Usually occurs with kidney dysfunction, as the kidney filters and removes excess proteins from the blood stream
|
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Urate |
* Not able to metabolize uric acid
*Causes gouty arthritis |
|
|
Manifestations of Cell Injury:
*Systematic Manifestation |
*Fever, body malaise (feeling sick), anorexia etc.
|
|
|
Cellular Death
|
*Occurs in 2 forms when cell is unable to adapt to conditions:
* Necrosis * Apoptosis |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Coagulative Necrosis |
*Occurs in the Kidney, heart, and adrenal glands due to protein denaturation, which causes the protein Albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state.
*Generally caused by Hypoxia |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Liquefactive Necrosis |
*Usually in the brain-neurons or glial cells
*Cells are digested by hydrolytic enzymes cause the creation of walled off cysts or abscess. *Usually caused by Staph, Step and E. Coli, infections in the brain. *Can also occur in the lungs |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Caseous Necrosis |
*A combination of Liquefactive and Coagulative Necrosis
*Occurs in lungs, usually as a result of TB Infection. *Tissues resemble clumped chess, soft and granule. *Granulomatous inflammatory wall encloses the area. |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Fat Necrosis |
*Usually in Pancreas or Breat Tissue
*Caused by Lipase *Fatty acids combine with calcium, magnesium and sodium, creating saponification. (The breaking down of a fat by an alkali with the formation of a soap and glycerol) *Tissue appears Opaque *Examples: Pancreatitis (Acute or Chronic) and Acute trauma to the breast or pancreas |
|
|
Cellular Death:
* Dry Gangrenous Necrosis |
*Results from Coagulative Necrosis. * Occurs due to blockage of major arteries bc of arteriosclerosis (Abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls), leading to ischemia, particularly in the lower leg.
|
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Wet Gangrenous Necrosis |
*Results from Liquefactive Necrosis
*Occurs in areas where there is moist tissue such as, mouth, lungs, GI, vagina and cervix. *Neutrophils invade the site and breakdown the cells due to a bacterial infection *The are becomes foul smelling, cold, swollen and black *Can lead to death due to sepsis from the toxic products the bacteria produce entering the bloodstream |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Gas Gangrene |
*Caused most frequently by Clostridium Perfringens Bacteria, although other Clostridiums bacteria can cause it.
*Destroys connective tissue and cellular membranes which causes bubbles of gas to form in muscle cells. *An endotoxin of the bacteria causing necrosis and eventually sepsis. * This is an emergency and it progress quickly. Patient may go into shock and die. |
|
|
Cellular Death:
*Apoptosis |
NEED TO LOOK IN BOOK!!!
*Programmed Cellular Death *Mechanisms *Necrosis vs. Apoptosis |
|
|
Biological Theories of Aging
|
* Genetic, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
*Alterations of Cellular Control Mechanisms: Immune System Theory *Degenerative Extracellular Changes: Increase in free radicals and bindings of collagen |
|
|
Biological Theories of Aging:
*Wear and Tear Theory |
*The wear and tear the body takes over time is the cause for aging.
* Error Accumulation Theory: Chance events gradually damage the genetic code *Somatic Mutation Theory: Biological theory that aging results in damage to genetic integrity of the body's cell. |
|
|
Biological Theories of Aging:
*Telomere Theory |
*Shortening of Telomeres (Caps on the end of DNA strands) overtime leads to prevention of cell multiplication.
*Once they have shortened a certain amount, the body will start to make more errors in transcription and eventually will not be able to transcribe the DNA of that cell |
|
|
Biological Theories of Aging:
*Free Radical Theory |
*Over time as cells age, they accumulate damage from free radicals. This can cause damage to various parts of the cell, including the mitochondria, which leads to more free radicals and more damage.
|
|
|
Biological Theories of Aging:
*Aging Clock Theory |
*Pre-programmed built in sequence of aging into the nervous or endocrine system
|
|
|
Somatic Death
|
*Death of the entire person, meaning brain dead, hearts stops beating and not breathing.
|
|
|
Post Mortem Changes:
*Algor Mortis *Livor Mortis *Rigor Mortis |
*Algor Mortis: Decrease in temperature. Becomes equal to temperature in the environment within 24 hrs.
*Livor Mortis: Discoloration that occurs during death as a result of settling of blood to the dependent parts of the body. *Rigor Mortis: Muscle stiffening that occurs 12-14 hours after death. |
