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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what the 6 steps in the path of urine drainage in the kidneys? |
Papillary duct in renal pyramid minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter uriniary bladder |
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what are the 2 hormones secrted by the kidneys? |
renin erithropoiten |
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where does viatmin D get activated? |
the kidneys! |
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What are the 3 types of UTI's? |
Lower UTI- urethera and bladder affected Upper UTI- pylonephritis- more serious asymtomatic bacteriuria |
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what are risk factors for UTI's? |
Women- shorter urethra , sexually active, preggers men, who have prostate problems. DM, catheters, kidney stones, aging. |
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4 clinical manifestations of UTI's? |
disuria hematuria, pain high fever |
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what is asymptomatic bacteriuria associated with? |
people with DM |
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Define acute kidney damage? |
rapid decline in kidney function which causes increase in nitorgenous wastes in the blood and a weird electrolyte imbalence |
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what are the 3 categories of acute renal failure? |
1. Pre-renal- no direct kidney problem, but other systems are putting stress on the kidney. ex dehydration, shock 2. Renal- actual problem. ex. UTI, renal toxicity 3. Post-renal- due to an obstruction- kidney stones, cancer. |
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define chronic kidney disease |
decresed kidney function for 3 months with a GFR of less then 60 mL/min for 3 months. |
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what is the average GFR? |
120 mL/min |
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what are the 3 progressions of chronic kidney disease? |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)- chronic renal failure (CFR)- end-stage renal disease (ESRD)- requires dialysis |
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the GFR rates drop with the progession of CKD. What stages can you not recover from? What are the GFR rates for these stages? |
stages 4 and 5 4 - less then 30 mL 5- less then 15 mL |
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What should health care professionals do at each stage of CKD? |
1&2 minimizing risk factors 3- treat symptoms 4- planning for dialysis and transplant 5- renal replacement therapy or death |
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3 catgories of complcations for CKD? |
hypertension and cardiovascular disease- more atherosclerosis, RAAS and SNS activity Uremic syndrome- retention of metabolic wastes- poor immune responce Metabolic acidosis- retention of acidic waste products hyperkalemia |
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why is hyperkalemia fatal? |
kidneys lose ability to secrete H+ ions- can cause cardiac arrest. |
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why do people with CKD have bone problems? |
elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism- Kidneys are unable to reabsrob calcium. |
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why would people with CKD get malnutrition |
decresed intake from uremic syndrome. depression dietary limitations changes in taste
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why would people with CKD get anemia |
lack of erythropoietin uremia shortens RBC's life Heart failure |
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2 types of dialysis |
hemodylisis- machine that filters blood peritoneal dialysis- everyday things people can do- rinse abdomonal cavity |
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where is the prostate loacted? |
beneath the bladder, in front of the rectum |
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what does the prosate produce? |
prostate specfic antigen prostate acid phosphatase enzyme
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What is an abnormal level of PSA in the blood? |
higher then 6 |
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What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? (BPH) |
age related nonmalignant enlargment of the prostate gland - chareacterized by large and discrete lesions in the periurtheral region of the prostate
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Why do men get BPH? |
When men get older more DHEA is converted to estrogen- estrogen makes the prostate more sensitive to DHT (active form of testosterone)- this makes the prostate larger. |
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4 clinical manifestations of BPH? |
1. compression of the urethra 2. bladder distension and hypertrophy 3. UTI- lower 4. Renal disease |
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what is hydronephrosis? |
distenstion or enlargement of calyx's in the kidney. can happen do to occlusion of urthra due to BPH |
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what is hydrourter |
dialation of urthra due to occlusion by BPH |
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What is the international prostate symptom score? (IPSS) what score do you need to get before they do surgery? |
its a self-eval of symtoms related to BPH that goes over 7 symptoms. over 20 its time for surgery |
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What converts tesosterone to DIT? |
5 alpha reductase |
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3 things that can be protective against prostate cancer? |
Dietary factors- lycopene, selenium, vit. E Chemoprevention with 5 alpha reductase inhibitor Finasteride (5 alpha reducatse inhibitor) |
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does prostate cancer undergo metaplasia? |
no man, real quick cancer, goes straight to an adenomacarcina. |
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where does prostate cancer occur the most |
periphery of prostate |
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when do we start testing people for prostate cancer? |
50 years and older get PSA and DRE done. if there is a family history, should start at 40 |
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diagnosis of prostate cancer is confirmed by? |
fine needle aspiration and biopsy |
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describe T1 and t2 of PC (prostate cancer) |
t1 tumor is in prostate and is too small to be detected with DRE- may be detected with PSA or biopsy. no symtoms t2- large enough to feel with DRE, ultrasound too. both are know as localized cancer or Early Prostate cancer |
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describe T3 and T4 |
3- local spread of cancer- bladder, rectum 4- systemic spread- liver, bone
these are known as advanced prostate cancer |
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what are the 3 cycles occuring in the menstrual cycle? |
ovarian cycle uterine cycle hormonal cycle |
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what are the different phases of the ovarian cycle |
Menses follicular phase- high levels of estrogen ovulation- estrogen drops luteal phase- progestrone rises |
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what hormones are secreted by the follicle? what makes it stop producing horomones? |
FSH, LH and estrogen make the follicle produce more estrogen. The high levels of estrogen inhibit FSH which makes estrogen drop |
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What triggers the LH surge? |
high levels of estrogen |
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What hormone brings about ovulation? |
LH |
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Why are women who breastfeed at a lower risk for breast cancer> |
because thier body is given a break from estorgen for about a year or more- progestorne, oxytoicin, and prolactin all replace it |
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if there is fertilzation, what does hCG do? |
makes the corpus lutem secrete porgestrone and estrogen which prevent endometrial lining from coming off |
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what does aromatase do? |
makes more estogen and makes more estrogen recetors. INCREASES risk to cancer. |
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What are cooper ligaments? function? |
they support the position of the breasts |
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what is paget's disease? |
lactiferous ducts at nipple are cancerous |
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what are the 3 types of tissue in breasts? |
fat fibourus connective tissue glandular |
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what is a fibroadenoma? |
benign tumor in young people- related to hormonal changes NOT PRE-CANCEROUS |
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What are 4 caregories of risk factors for breast cancer? |
1. hormonal factors- how long has your body been exposed to high levels of estrogen 2. reproductive factors- low parity 3. Family history 4. Age begins 25-30
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What is BRCA-1, what is its relationship to breast cancer? |
gene mutation which is responsible for breast and ovarian cancer. this causes young people to get more aggresive cancer which is hard to detect. |
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what is BRCA-2? |
responsible for male breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate, and pancreus cancer. tends to be older aged peopel |
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3 risk reduction options for breast cancer? |
screening, survelence chemoprevention- aromaitase inhibitors bilteral masecontomy |
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what are the stages of cervix cancer? |
HPV- chronic cervivitis- glandular metaplasia, dysplasia, CIN I (cervical interaepithieal neoplaisa), CIN II, CIN III, Ca in-situ, cancer of the cervix |
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What are 3 features of cells with carcinioma in situ |
low cytoplasm high nuclear siz darker ill defined basal layer |
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what cancers can HPV cause? |
anus, cervix, and penis cancer |
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what is the progession of glandular metaplasia? |
stratified squamous epithelium to colomonar epithelium |
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what types of HPV does gardisil prevent against? |
6, 11, 16, 18 |
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t or f cervial cancer is asymtomatic |
often is! can have symtoms if large lesions. thats why pap smears are so important! |
