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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? |
from outside in zona glomeruloza-aldosterone zona fasiculate- cortisal zona reticularis- DHEA |
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What does the adrenal medula produce? |
catecholamines- epiniphrine and norepinephrine |
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If there was a problem with the hypothalmus it would be a __________ problem. |
teritary |
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If there was a problem with the anterior pituitary gland it would be a _________ problem/ |
secondary |
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what hormones does the postier pituitary gland release? |
oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) |
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what are the 3 cateagories of endocrine disease's? |
hyposecretion target cell hyporesponsiveness- receptor problem hypersecretion
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What are the 3 main causes of hypofunction |
congenital defects decline in function with aging autoimmune |
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What happens to the endocrine system when its exposed constantly to external hormones |
The gland responsible for producing that hormone goes through atrophy due to a the negitive feedback system |
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what is the main cause for hyperfunction? |
hormone producing tumor on gland- not always cancer |
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what is a primary endocrine disorder? |
problem originates at the target gland responsible for producing hormone ex. thalmus |
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what are 4 causes for hypothalmus hypofunction? |
tumor trauma radiation infection
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What are 3 causes of hypopitutarism? |
tumor infarction- usually after large blood loss (child birth) surgery/ radiation |
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland? |
ACTH FSH LH Prolactin TSH GH |
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what hormones does the hypothalmus produce? |
Thyrotropin releasing hormone corticotropin releasing hormone prolactin inhibiting hormone growth hormone releasing hormone gonadotropin releasing hormone somatosatin- growth inhibitor |
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Risk factors for growth hormone problems |
prolonged labor or breach congenital malformations chromosomal anomaly. |
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What's the difference between Dwarfism and cretinism? |
Dwarf- lack of GH- congenital Cretisim- growth retardation AND mental retardation- lack of thyroid hormone in babies
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What happens in pituitary gigantism? |
occurs in kids before epiphyses close left untreated can be at risk for cariomegaly and heart failure |
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what are symptoms of acromegaly? |
big palms wide jaw internal organs grow big everything grows wide |
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Addison's disease is a problem with? |
adrenocoritical insufficiency |
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symptoms of addison's disease? |
low BP low salt level fatigue weight loss hypoglacima hyperpigmentation
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What is the problem with Cushing's disease? symptoms? |
Hypersecreation of cortisal truncal obisety moon face muscle wasting hypertension hypokalemia moos swings fine hair
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what happens in Conn syndrome? S&S |
hyperaldosteroninism high sodium high BP low potassium- hypokalmeia |
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what is hypokalemia? |
lack of sodium |
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t or f hyperfuntion affects all 3 layers of the adrenal cortex. |
F - hyposecretion effects all 3. hyperfuntion only effects one layer |
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why do people get fat with cushing's syndrome? |
prevents entry of glucose into cells promotes gluconeogenisis |
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what is a pheochromocytoma? symptoms? |
adrenal medualla tumor resulting in excessive production of catecholamines High BP tachycardia heart failure |
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what are the thyroid hormones? what cells are they produced in? |
triodothyronine T3 thyroxine- T4 follicular cells |
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when thyroid hormone and catecholamines work together what happens? |
increase heart rate BP and sweating, hyperglycimea Makes sympathetic responce better
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What happens when thyroid hormone, GH and cortisal work together? |
incresed blood glucose level |
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symptoms of hypothrodism |
decresed metabolic rate accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharide substance (myxedema) in connective tissue elevated serum choleteral bad with cold |
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what are symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
incresed metabolic rate and o2 consumption feel really hot incresed use of metabolic fuels increased sympathetic nervous system responce. |
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2 congenital causes for hypothyroidism |
lack of thyroid gland anti-thyroid drugs from mother |
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3 acquired causes for hypothyroidism |
thyroidectomy Goitrogenic agents- things that intefer with the thyroid Hashimoto thyroiditis- autoimmune |
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what does somnolence mean? |
mega sleepy- hypersomnia |
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how would you treat congenital hypothyroidism? |
give thyroxin orally daily |
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what is myxedema? |
thickened non-pitting skin change to soft tissue of patients that are hypothyroid |
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what is a myxedema coma? |
rare and life threatening conditon that happen with hypothyroidism goes untreated. Usually happens to elderly women with hasimoto's triggered by something (infection or other stresser) |
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3 causes of hyperthyroidism? |
mulit-nodular goitre- lots of mini tumors adenoma of the thyroid gland Grave's disease |
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4 signs and symptoms of someone with Graves disease? |
exopthalmos- eyes popping out lid lag- upper eye lid cannot cover eye lid retraction- same thing as lid lag othalmopathy- eveballs cannot move |
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3 distict charecteristics of hyperthyroidism |
1. over active thyroid 2. inflammation of tissues around the eyes 3. goiter |
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what is thyroid storm? what are the predisposing factors for it? |
life threatening condition predisposing factors- manipultion of thyroid ketoacidosis- blood is acidic due to fatty acids severe infection diabetes type 1 can get this |
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S&S of thyroid strom |
very high fever extreme cardiovascular effects -tachycardia, congestive failure, angina Severe CNS effects -agitiation, restlessness, delirium high mortality rate
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the panceus as 3 anatomical areas, what are they. |
head, body, tail |
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where are digestive enzymes produced in the pancreus |
in the acini |
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What do alpha, beta, and delta, and F cells do? |
Alpha- produce glucagon Beta- insulin delta- somatostatin- growth inhibiting F- pancreatic polypeptides which regulate pancreatic secreation of endo and exo secreations. |
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what is glycogenolysis? |
convert glycogen to glucose. done by glucagon |
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what is gluconeogenesis? |
glucose is made from lactic acid and amino acids |
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glycogenesis? |
glucose into glycogen- done by insulin |
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lipogenesis? |
synthesis of fatty acids |
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Insulin _____ blood glucose where as glucagon ____ blood glucose levels. |
lowers, raises |
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t or F nervous tissue does not have receptors for glucose. |
True! Glucose can enter without a receptor. |
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t or f neurons can use fatty acids if needed for energy? |
F- 100% cannot |
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How does glucose enter body cells? |
faciliated diffussion. |
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the actions of insulin and anaboilc or catabolic? |
anabolic! |
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what is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? |
anabolism- builds things up- insulin catabolism- takes things down- glucagon |
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what are 3 other hormones that increase blood glucose? |
growth horomone and catecoamines glucocorticoaids- helps body survive in times of fasting- stimulates gluconeogenesis by liver. |
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3 actions of insulin on glucose, fats, and proteins |
1. promote glucose uptake by cells and stores glucose as glycogen 2. prevents fat and glycogen breakdown 3. inhibits gluconeogenesis and increases protien synthesis |
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3 action of glucagon on glucose, fats, and proteins. |
1. increases transport of of amino acids into hepatic cells 2. increases breakdown of proteins into amino acids for use in gluconeogenesis 3. increase conversion of amino acids into glucose precursors. |
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in fasting states what is the main energy source for muscles? |
fatty acids! |
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what are the 3 counterregulatoy homorones in a fasting state? |
corticosteroids growth hormones catecholamines |
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what is the main difference between Diabetes mellitus and insipidis? |
mellitus= problem with insulin insipidis- problem with ADH |
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What is the difference between primary DM and secondary DM |
primary- no other disease causing it- family history, congenital secondary- other diease is causing it. ec cushings syndrome |
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what is the main problem with type 1 DM? |
pancreus beta cells do not produce insulin |
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type 1 in older people is called... |
LADA- latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult |
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if a type 1 patient does not get insulin what will happen? |
ketosis, then ketoacidosis- too many fatty acids in blood because they are needed for energy. |
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what are the 2 subtypes of type 1- describe them? |
1A- immune mediated responce- destroys beta cells 1B- idopathic- strongly inhertited. |
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what are 2 common names for type 2 DM |
Metabolic syndrome insulin resistance syndrome |
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list 6 risk factors for type 2 |
- abnormal obesity - atherogenic dyslipidemia- blood fat disorders- high LDL cholesteral- fosters plaque - high bp -prothombotic state- high fibrinogen in blood - insulin resistance or glucose intolerance -proinflammatory state- elevated c-protien in blood marks inflammation and infection |
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describe 4 situations in type 2 DM of why body cells cant get glucose or why there are high levels of glucose in the blood? |
1. receptors dont respond to insulin 2. decline in level of insulin 3. super high fat content glucose cant travel though 4. increased hepatic glucose production |
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secondary DM can be caused by 2 categories of disease. |
panreatic disease- cystic fibrosis, neoplasms (tumors) Endocrine diseases |
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what are 3 endocrine diseases that could cause DM |
cushing's syndrome hyperthyroidism- Graves disease acromegaly |
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describe gestational diabetes |
when a woman becomes diabetic at 20 weeks of pregnancy and lasts until 6 weeks after birth. Babies can be born larger then normal Mothers can get true DM years later |
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what are the risk factors for gestational diabetes |
family history obese adavanced maternal age multiparity- has had many children before |
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what is MODY? |
maturity onest diabetes of the young - oppisite to LADA, not insulin dependent, but needs a lifestyle change happen to people under 25. - increased levels of fatty acids damage beta cells |
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what are the 2 clinical representations of MODY |
1. signifigant hyperglycemia- increased thirst and urination 2. no signs or symptoms- |
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why do people need to pee a lot with DM |
due to osmotic diuresis- higher OP in kideny because of high solute content (glucose)- so that means the lumen of the kidney gets packed with water- then no more reabsorbtion can happen so all the water is excreted- creates feeling of thirst |
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what is glycosuria? |
peeing out glucose |
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why do people have swollen genitala with DM |
because they are peeing out glucose- gets infected easily |
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list 4 different blood sugar tests |
1. fasting blood glucose test 2. random blood glucose test 3. OGTT- oral glucose test 4. Glycated hemoglobin testing- HbA1c should be less then 6 |
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what are the 6 steps to taking a fasting blood sugar test? |
1. fast for 10-12 hours 2. take sample 3. drink 75g of glucose 4. wait 30 min and take sample 5. then every 30 min take blood and urine go for 3 hours if graph does not come down- if it lowers go for 2 1/2 6. level should be lower then 10 |
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what are the 4 ways to diagnosis somebody with DM? |
1. fasting plasma glucose- 7mmol/L or more 2. 2 hour postload glucose 11.1 mmol/l or more during OGTT 3. HbA1c- 6.5% or more 4. has symptoms of hyperglyciemia |
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what is pre-diabetes? |
high blood glucose levels but not high enough- early warning sign |
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what are 3 acute complications of DM |
diabetic ketoacidosis hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma- severe dehydration hypoglycemia |
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3 chronic complications of DM |
disoders od circulation- cappilary damage neuropathies infections due to high glucose and stress |
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describe the somogyi effect? |
cycle of insulin-induced post-hypoglycemic episodes- too much insulin or not eating after taking insulin. |
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describe the daw phenonmen |
increased level of fasting glucose in the morning due to stress hormone release. no hypoglyceminc episodes |
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diabetic ketoacidosis is more common in type 1 or 2? |
1!!!!!!!! |
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explain how people with diabetes get renal failure. |
hyperglycemina- increased perfusion rate/GFR- increased protien excretion- causes glomular damage which causes hypertension and micro/macroalbuminuria |
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what are the 2 phases of retinopathy |
1. non-proliferative- blood vessles are larger in some areas, they may become blocked or bleed 2. proliferative- new vessels grow to replace the bad ones- they bleed- scar tissue happen- NO vison |
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what are the two types of neuropathies? |
-somatic- ischemia and demylinzation causes tingling, numbness, burning - Autonomic neuropathy- defects in autonomic nervous system- both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
