Patho Test 4

Front 1

What is an urinary tract obstruction?

Back 1

Any interference with flow of urine at any site along urinary tract.

Front 2

What is obstructive uropathy?

Back 2

a condition in which the flow of urine is blocked, causing it to back up and injure one or both kidneys.

Front 3

What is the severity of a urinary tract obstruction based on?

Back 3

Location; Completeness (entire or partial flow); Involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts; Duration (of obstruction); Cause

Front 4

Hydroureter:

Back 4

type of Urinary Tract Obstruction where the ureter is dialated.

Front 5

Hydronephrosis:

Back 5

type of Urinary Tract Obstruction where there's a dialation of renal pelvis and calisis above the blockage.

Front 6

Compensatory Hypertrophy can be _ _ or _ _.

Back 6

Obligatory growth; compensatory growth.

Front 7

In obligatory growth and compensatory growth:

Back 7

the unaffected side/kidney will hypertrophy to compensate for side that's blocked, by increasing site of glomeruli & tubules. (this counteracts the affects of obstruction)

Front 8

Postobstructive diuresis is:

Back 8

normal after relief after obstruction but if it is excessive, can cause dehydration & fluid/electrolyte imbalance.

Front 9

Kidney Stones are a type of upper urinary tract obstruction and are classified according to:

Back 9

the minerals comprising stones.

Front 10

Kidney Stones may be calculi or urinary stones which are:

Back 10

masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that form within and may obstruct urinary tract.

Front 11

ppl who are at high risk for kidney stones:

Back 11

Gender (WOMEN),
Race,
Geographic Location, Seasonal Factors (SUMMER),
Fluid Intake (lower intake=higher risk),
Diet,
Occupation

Front 12

Main 3 factors affecting kidney stone formation:

Back 12

Supersaturation of one or more salts (presence of precipitation);
Precipitation of salt from liquid to solid state (temp & pH);
Growth into stone via crystallization or aggregation (once salts all start to come together-form a stone).

Front 13

Other factors affecting kidney stone formation:

Back 13

~crystal growth-inhibiting substances;
~particle retention;
~matrix.

Front 14

Kinds of kidney stone types:

Back 14

~Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (70%-80% of stones-Ex:TUMS);
~Struvite Stones (contain Mg, Ph, Ammonium, @ high risk: ones w/ frequent bacterial infections);
~Uric Acid Stones (high riskers: gout).

Front 15

Manifestation of kidney stones:

Back 15

Renal Colic-(flank pain [lovehandles]) may radiate to groin or abdomen on lower side; complain of urinary tract infection symptoms.

Front 16

Evaluation of kidney stones:

Back 16

~stone and urine analysis;
~intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or kidney, ureter, bladder x-ray (KUB);
~Spiral abdominal CT

Front 17

Treatment of kidney stones:

Back 17

~High fluid intake (to flush it out);
~Decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances;
~Stone removal (if cannot flush out, may have to physically retrieve it).

Front 18

One type of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction:

Back 18

Neurogenic Bladder (bladder dysfunction).

Front 19

A neurogenic bladder causes:

Back 19

-Dyssynergia;
-Obstruction;
-Low bladder wall compliance

Front 20

Dyssynergia causes:

Back 20

Detrusor Hyperreflexia: loss of coordinated neuromuscle contraction; bladder automatically empties- causes urine leakage and incompetence;
Detrusor Areflexia: causes urinary retention which causes bladder to distend (bladder gets BIGGER & filled with urine).

Front 21

in an obstruction of a neurogenic bladder, will see: _ _, which causes:

Back 21

frequent urination;
poor stream, urgency, feeling of incomplete emptying.

Front 22

a type of an obstruction of a neurogenic bladder:

Back 22

urethral strictures (which is caused by an increase in size of prostate or pelvic organ prolapse).

Front 23

in a low bladder wall compliance (in a lower urinary tract obstruction):

Back 23

there's a loss of avail for bladder to stretch- usually c/b infection.

Front 24

type of Tumors (associated with lower urinary tract obstruction):

Back 24

~Renal Tumors:(can b/c malignant and would need t/b surgically removed)
-[Renal adenomas-most likely seen in men, 50-60yrs old, higher risk: african descent, smokers, obese]
-[Renal cell carcinoma];

~Bladder Tumors:
[Transitional cell carcinoma-m C type of ^]