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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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protein; resistant to proteases
Creutzfeldt-Jacob found in neurons; slowly progressive ataxia, dementia, death |
Prions
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Smallest obligate intracellular pathogens
Cannot replicate outside of the living cell |
Viruses
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autonomously replicating unicellular organisms; prokaryotes
Structure & synthesis of cell wall determines shape biofilms aerobes & anaerobes acid fast stain |
Bacteria
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Gram negative rods
Anaerobic Lyme disease; syphilis |
Spirochetes
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viral and bacterial characteristics
Rickettsiae produce diseases via a vector Chlamydiae trasmit directly between hosts |
Rickettsiae & Chlamydiae
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eukaryotic saprophytes
may be normal human flora yeasts & molds buds & hyphae Candida albicans |
Fungi
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Parasites
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Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods
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Infect host via sexual contact, contaminated food & water, arthropod vector
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Protozoa
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Ingest eggs or penetrate the skin
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Helminths
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ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, scabies, lice, fleas
Bubonic plague & typhus |
Arthropods
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Disruption in integrity of body’s surface barrier
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Portal of Entry - Penetration
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Transmit from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes without prerequisite for damaged mucosal barriers
Vertical transmission – from mom to child through placenta or during birth Horizontal transmission - STDs |
Portal of Entry - Direct Contact
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Oral cavity or gatrointestinal tract
Very efficient Infectious dose |
Portal of Entry - Ingestion
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Respiratory tract – multiple defenses; mucus, cilia, humidification, coughing, antibodies in secretions
Impairment or virulence leads to disease |
Portal of Entry - Inhalation
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Location, host, object, substance from which the infectious agent was acquired.
Endogenous Exogenous Zoonoses Nosocomial Community acquired |
Source
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Collection of signs & symptoms expressed by host during course of disease
AKA – clinical picture; disease presentation |
Symptomatology
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Infectious diseases can be divided into distinct stages; useful for diagnosis and treatment
Incubation period Prodromal stage Acute stage Convalescent stage Resolution stage Exceptions? Chronic diseases; subclinical infections; fulminant illness |
Course of Disease
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-itis
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designates anatomic site of inflammation
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-emia
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designates substance in blood
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Sepsis
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microbial toxins in blood
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localized pocket of infection
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Abscess
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Site of infection is determined by
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pathogen, portal of entry, & competence of host’s immune system
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Virulence Factors
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Substances produced by infectious agents which enhance ability to cause disease
Toxins – exotoxins (E. Coli, pertussis, botulism); endotoxins (don’t contain protein, are not released by bacterium, no enzymatic activity) Adhesion factors – ability to attach to & colonize the host (site specific; cell specific, or nonspecific) Evasive factors ?? (ability to avoid destruction) Invasive factors ?? (ability to penetrate) |
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Diagnosis
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Culture
Serology DNA & RNA sequencing (used for those difficult to grow in culture) ??Example Examine presentation |
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Treatment
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Most are self limiting
Medicinal Immunologic Vaccines Stimulate host immune responses Symptomatic |
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Global Infectious Disease
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West Nile Virus
SARS Swine Flu Rapidity with which novel or exotic infectious diseases can be introduced into non-indigenous regions of the world to a susceptible population |
