Patho Test 2

Front 1

What is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid?

Back 1

Chloride

Front 2

Your mother has a clinic appointment for a possible infection and is told that she has a high neutrophil count. This implies:

Back 2

She has an acute infection

Front 3

Which feature is characteristic of malignant tumor?

Back 3

Has a high mitotic index

Front 4

What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?

Back 4

Sodium

Front 5

Edema can be defined as the presence of an abnormally large amount of intracellular fluid.

Back 5

False

Front 6

Which condition results from a deficit of HCO3–?

Back 6

metabolic acidosis

Front 7

Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:

Back 7

hyperventilation.

Front 8

A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient?

Back 8

Gastric cancer

Front 9

Which of the following minerals would you expect to decrease in association with increases in calcium?

Back 9

Phosphate

Front 10

Antibodies are secreted from which one of the following cell types?

Back 10

Plasma cells

Front 11

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

Back 11

Potassium

Front 12

Which of the following conditions is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia?

Back 12

Dehydration

Front 13

Water balance is closely related to _____ balance.

Back 13

sodium

Front 14

A 50-year-old female is suffering from anorexia, anemia, asthenia, weight loss, and altered metabolism resulting in malnutrition. She was previously diagnosed with cancer. Which of the following describes her symptoms?

Back 14

Cachexia

Front 15

In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:

Back 15

new blood vessel growth

Front 16

Diuretics, used cautiously, can be used to treat hypovolemia.

Back 16

False

Front 17

Which best explains why some viruses are capable of eliciting a chronic infection in the body?

Back 17

period of latency

Front 18

The best explanation for higher rates of cancer in older populations is:

Back 18

the development of cancer requires several mutations over time

Front 19

Colloid pressure is the chief regulator of water transfer between intracellular and interstitial fluid.

Back 19

True

Front 20

At the level of the cell, cancer is _______.

Back 20

Genetic

Front 21

Which is a complication of infection where pathogens gain access to the blood, release toxins, and cause massive systemic vasodilation resulting in hypotension?

Back 21

Septic shock

Front 22

Which represented the greatest percentage of water in the extracellular compartment?

Back 22

interstitial volume

Front 23

A specific type of gram-negative bacteria contains endotoxin in the bacterial cell envelope. What is the likely clinical manifestation if these bacteria become pathogenic?

Back 23

fever

Front 24

Gastrointestinal alterations, such as nausea and mucosal erosions, are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment because:

Back 24

chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells in the oral and intestinal linings.

Front 25

A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which of the following would be expected to accompany this condition?

Back 25

Decreased blood K+ levels

Front 26

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?

Back 26

Renal failure

Front 27

Who is at greatest risk of significant morbidity and mortality with influenza infection?

Back 27

The elderly

Front 28

Causes of respiratory acidosis include:

Back 28

pneumonia.

Front 29

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. Family states that she has had severe diarrhea for the last three days. Which type of shock does the nurse suspect?

Back 29

Hypovolemic

Front 30

Which of the following types of viral hepatitis is not associated with transmission through contact with infected blood?

Back 30

Type A

Front 31

The thirst center is located in the hypothalamus of the brain.

Back 31

True

Front 32

Which of the following serves as the rationale for AIDS treatment with antiretroviral therapy?

Back 32

triple therapy with reverse transcriptase, protease, and fusion inhibitors

Front 33

You believe that you have “athlete's foot” because you have burning and itching along with redness between your toes. You look in your bathroom drawer where all of your medications are kept. You pull out the antibiotic ointment and apply this to the reddened areas. After 3 days of application, you have noticed no improvement. Why is this medicine not working?

Back 33

Antibacterial medications are not effective against fungi

Front 34

The most common route of metastasis is through the:

Back 34

lymphatics.

Front 35

An example of the action of sodium–potassium pump transport includes which one of the following?

Back 35

transport of sodium out of the cell

Front 36

A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the physician orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?

Back 36

Intracellular dehydration

Front 37

One primary cell type involved in cell-mediated immunity includes:

Back 37

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Front 38

Elderly individuals are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:

Back 38

a decreased lean body mass.

Front 39

Anaphylaxis is mediated by which class of antibody?

Back 39

IgE

Front 40

The protein-dependent forces that promote fluid movement into the intravascular space are known as:

Back 40

capillary osmotic pressure

Front 41

Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:

Back 41

sodium.

Front 42

Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients?

Back 42

Infection

Front 43

One primary cell type involved in adaptive immunity includes:

Back 43

B lymphocyte

Front 44

Edema may occur when:

Back 44

A. sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid as a result of increased aldosterone secretion or after serious renal disease such as acute glomerulonephritis.

B. an increase in capillary blood pressure occurs.

C. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood occurs.

Front 45

For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following must occur?

Back 45

Bacteria must enter the bloodstream

Front 46

A 19-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition?

Back 46

Acidosis

Front 47

An activated monocyte is also known as a:

Back 47

macrophage

Front 48

The loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is due to:

Back 48

CD4 lymphocytes

Front 49

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock and develops:

Back 49

bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension.

Front 50

Which of the following sets of clinical manifestations is most characteristic of influenza?

Back 50

body aches, cough, sore throat

Front 51

n patients with severe burn injuries, what mechanism is responsible for the increased risk of hypovolemic shock?

Back 51

A loss of interstitial fluid causing a drain of blood plasma out of the vessels and into tissue spaces

Front 52

Individuals with cancer are often at risk for infections because of:

Back 52

leukopenia.

Front 53

One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:

Back 53

excessive loss of Cl-.

Front 54

A physician is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?

Back 54

Enzymes

Front 55

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is stimulated by:

Back 55

increased plasma osmolality.

Front 56

Hyperkalemia causes:

Back 56

an increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.

Front 57

Which best describes why yeast infections are common in women on antibiotics?

Back 57

Destroying one type of resident flora (bacteria) can allow overproliferation of another competing type (yeast)

Front 58

Both ADH and aldosterone cause fluid retention.

Back 58

True

Front 59

Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries?

Back 59

Liver failure

Front 60

Which of the following is an anion?

Back 60

chloride