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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Complete fracture |
Completely broken though the bone |
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Incomplete Fracture |
Bone is not completely broken |
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Open Fracture |
Bone is broken and penetrates through the skin. Seen in traumas |
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Bowing |
Happens to bones that are paired (tibia and fibia); bending in one of the pairs |
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Stress |
microfracture; seen in patients that are involved in strenuous or repeated activity, seen in a lot of athletes |
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Direct Healing process of bone fractures |
No callous formation; thickening or hardening of bone. |
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Indirect healing process of bone fractures |
Callous is formed and bone remodeling does occur; casting is all that is necessary |
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Healing process (indirect) |
Broken bone causes tissue damage and bleeding Hematoma formation Bone tissue death Stimulation of inflammatory response Osteoclast and callus formation Osteoblasts function Healed bone |
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Dislocation |
Loss of contact between articular cartilage- both bones that come together at a joint, have completely separated from cartilage (popped out of socket) |
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Subluxation |
Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost |
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sprain |
tear or injury to ligament |
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strain |
tear or injury to tendon |
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Avulsion |
Can be critical. Tendon or ligament has completely detached from bone |
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Osteoporosis |
Complex, multi-factorial, chronic disease |
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Patho of Osteoporosis |
Demonstrated by reduced bone mass/density and an imbalance of bone resorption and formation |
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Risk factors of osteoporosis |
Genes, hormones, diet lifestyle, illness, drugs |
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Outcome of osteoporosis |
Eventually spontaneous fractures occur |
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Regional Osteoporosis |
Confined to a segment of skeleton- just have in wrist or just in femur |
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Secondary Osteoporosis |
Caused by other conditions: thyroid problem which is fluctuating, cancer, medications |
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Postmenopausal Osteoporosis |
Due to estrogen deficiency in older women |
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Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis |
Age-related bone loss; change in osteoblast and osteoclast function |
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Osteomalacia |
Metabolic disease characterized by inadequate mineralizaiton of osteoid-immature bone |
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Cause of osteomalacia |
Vitamin D deficiency. Have problem with absorbing vitamin d or lack of |
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Patho of Osteomalacia |
Bone formation progresses, but calcification does not occur-soft bones |
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Clinical manifestations of Osteomalacia |
Pain, bone fractures, vertebral collapse, bone malformation |
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Paget Disease |
Excessive reabsorption and formation of bone. |
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Patho of paget disease |
Bone is replaced with abnormal bone- continues to get bigger because it becomes fibrous |
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Paget disease affects |
Axial skeleton- skull; bones are getting bigger and pressing on brain |
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Osteomyelitis |
Bone infection |
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Cause of osteomyelitis |
Staphylococcal aureus infection |
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2 types of osteomyelitis |
Exogenous Endogenous |
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Exogenous |
Enters body from outside source (dog bite) |
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Endogenous |
Carried from another site |
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Patho of Osteomyelitis |
Alteration of balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity |
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Osteomyelitis in children |
Local accumulation of pus causing lifting of periosteum Disrupted blood vessels causing death of bone Growth of new bone around dead bone |
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Sequestrum |
Disrupted blood vessels causing death of bone |
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Involucrum |
Growth of new bone around dead bone |
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Osteomyelitis in Adults |
Periosteum fused to new bone- no sequestrum or involucrum Pus weakens cortex of bone Predisposed to fracture |
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Osteoarthritis |
Common age related disorder of synovial joints |
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Osteoarthritis |
Degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage, and formation of bone spurs |
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Osteoarthritis |
Bone on bone at joint |
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Osteoarthritis is common in |
females and increases with age |
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Risk factors or osteoarthritis |
Increased age, joint trauma, long-term mechanical stress, endocrine disorders (hyperparathyroidism), drugs, obesity |
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Patho of Osteoarthritis |
Local areas of damage and loss of cartilage Exposure of bone and growth of osteophytes Osteophytes break off and joint space narrows |
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CM of osteoarthritis |
Pain, stiffness, enlargement and tenderness, heberden and bouchard nodules, limited motion, deformity |
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Hallmark sign of osteoarthritis |
Pain and stiffness in joints gets worse with movement |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune joint disease |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis characterized by |
Joint swelling, tenderness, joint destruction |
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Causes of RA |
unknown; multifactorial and strong genetic predispostion |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Long-term exposure to HLA leads to development of auto-antibodies called Rheumatoid Factors |
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Patho of RA |
Abnormal immune response causes joint inflammation Granulation tissue (pannus) grows and enzymes destroy cartilage Over time, pannus becomes fibrotic Process is constantly reoccurring |
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clinical manifestations of RA |
Insidious onset begins with general systemic manifestations of inflammation over time, joints become painful, tender, stiff, swollen, warm, boggy, and lose ROM. Joint deformities and physical limitations Hands: curvature of hand=swan neck |
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Clinical Hallmark of RA |
Pain and stiffness improve with movement |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis |
Systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease
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Where is ankylosing spondylitis seen |
Sacroiliac joints which cause stiffening and fusion of joints |
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Cause of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
Unknown; may be associated with HLA |
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Patho of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
Inflammation of fibrocartilage in vertebral joint Inflammatory cells destroy cartilage Repair of damaged cartilage begins Scar tissue forms which becomes calcified Eventual joint fusion and loss of flexibility |
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CM of Ankylosing Spondylitis |
Low back pain and stiffness Loss of motion lordosis kyphosis |
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Gout |
Syndrome caused by incomplete purine metabolism resulting in excess uric acid levels |
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Cause of Gout |
Excess or under excretion of uric acid |
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Patho of gout |
At high enough levels, uric acid will crystalize Urate crystal deposit in tissue causes inflammation and presentation of manifestations
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Gouty Arthritis |
Deposit of uric acid in synovial joints |
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Risk Factors of Gout |
Male gender Increasing age Increased alcohol intake Red meat eaters |
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Manifestations of gout |
Severe pain especially at night Hot red tender joints Presence of tophi Signs of systemic inflammation: fever, leukocytosis |
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Fibromyalgia |
Chronic syndrome characterized by widespread diffuse joint pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points |
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Cause of Fibromyalgia |
Unknown- possibly genetic, may be related to central sensitization |
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Manifestations of Fibromyalgia |
Diffuse chronic pain-most prominent Increased sensitivity to touch Absence of inflammation Fatigue Headache and memory loss Sleep disturbances/ non-restorative sleep |
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Rhabdomyolysis |
Rapid breakdown of muscle Release of intracellular contents into extracellular space |
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CM of rhabdomyolysis |
Classic triad or muscle pain weakness and dark urine-renal failure |
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Compartment syndromes |
Increased pressure in muscle compartment Decrease in blood flow causing hypoxia and necrosis |
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5 p's of compartment syndromes |
Pain in muscle Pallor Paresthesia muscle weakness pulslessness |
