Patho Study Guide Exam 1

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Action Potential

Back 1

Electrical events that travel the length of a neuron by allowing charged ions to flood through channels in the semi permeable membrane around the nerve cell.

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Active Transport

Back 2

Energy dependent transport of particles across the cell membrane against a gradient.

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Adenocarcinoma

Back 3

A malignant tumor of epithelial cells.

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Anabolism

Back 4

A constructive metabolic process characterized by the conversion of simple substances into larger, complex molecules.

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Adenoma

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A benign tumor of glandular epithelium cells.

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Allele

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1 or 2 or more alternative forms of a gene located at the same site on homologous chromosomes. 2 alleles for each gene. If both alleles are the same they are homozygous. If two different alleles are present the individual is heterozygous for the trait. EX eye color, blood type: a, b and o.

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ATP

Back 7

Principle source of cellular energy, product of a chemical reaction between oxygen and nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids and enzymes.

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Anaplasia

Back 8

A neoplasm's loss of differentiation.

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Aneuploidy

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Abnormal chromosome number.

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Angiogenesis

Back 10

A generation of new blood vessels.

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Antiport

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System of substances transported in the opposite direction.

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Apoptosis

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Programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal, designed to replace old cells with new, AKA cellular suicide.

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Atrophy

Back 13

Decrease in the size of cell

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Autocrine Signaling

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Occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular matrix that affects its own activity.

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Autosomes

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Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes, totals 44 chromosomes in each body cell

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Basement Membrane

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The outer membrane of the vessels that separates the vessel from the tissues of the body.

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Base Pairs

Back 17

Nitrogen base combinations; DNA combinations include cytosine, guanine and adenine and thymine.

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Benign

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Describes a tumor that remains localized and closely resembles the tissue of origin.

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Blast Cell

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Any immature cell

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Cachexia

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A syndrome of unexplained weight loss and tissue wasting, related to the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, along with excess energy use by the proliferating neoplastic cells.

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Cancer

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A term used to describe highly invasive and destructive neoplasms.

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Caseous Necrosis

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A distinctive form of coagulation necrosis in which dead cells persist indefinitely as soft cheese like debris - tuberculosis.

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Coagulation Necrosis

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Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of a cell.

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Carcinogenesis

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A term used to describe the origins, promotion and development of cancerous neoplasms.

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Carcinoma in situ

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term used to describe carcinomas that are confined to the epithelium and have not yet penetrated the basement membrane.

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Catabolism

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A metabolic process in which living organisms break down complex substances into simple compounds, liberating energy for use in work, energy storage and heat production.

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Cations

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Ions with positive charge

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Cell

Back 28

Smallest component of a living individual

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Cell Body

Back 29

Cell structure that contains the cytoplasm and organelles and is responsible for the specialized function of the cell, also known as soma.

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Centromere

Back 30

Structure linking the chromosome pairs of the somatic cells of the body, divides the chromosome into 2 arms, constant position for each chromosome.

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Chemical Synapse

Back 31

transmit impulses across a small gap between cells via stimulation of neurotransmitters.

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Chromatin

Back 32

Nuclear genetic material made of DNA, condenses into chromosomes during mitosis

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Chromosomes

Back 33

Double stranded DNA that contains thread like sections of genes that form and individuals genetic code, commonly found in the cell nucleus, and are responsible for the reproduction of chemical and physical structures. The human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

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Codon

Back 34

sequence of nitrogenous bases, nucleotide triplet, fundamental triplet code necessary for protein synthesis; basic compound amino acids.

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Concentration Gradient

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A mechanism of passive transport that promotes the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

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Cytoplasm

Back 36

Colloid structure surrounding the cell nucleus that is composed of water, fat, electrolytes, proteins, gycogen and pigment.

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Cytoskeleton

Back 37

Tubule and filament structures contributing to cell shape, movement and intracellular transport, comprised of microtubules, thin, intermediate and thick myofilaments.

Front 38

DNA

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Type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose; usually found in the cell nucleus or mitochondria. Responsible for the storage of genetic information, contains 4 nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine and cytosine and thymine.

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Depolarization

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Results from rapid movement of sodium into the cell from sodium channels in the cell membrance

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Differentiation

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A process of changing the physical and functional properties of a cell to allow greater specificity and functionality of that cell.

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Diploid

Back 41

The number of chromosomes the human body cell contains, 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total

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Dysplasia

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Alteration in size, shape and organization in adult cell types

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Dystrophic Calcification

Back 43

Macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue. It is visible to the naked eye and can range from gritty sandlike grains to firm hard rock material. Pathogenesis involves intreacellular and extracellular formation of crystalline calcium phosphate; calcium deposits are derived from the bodies of dead or dying cells and circulation/intestinal fluids; examples - advanced atherosclerosis, healed tuberculosis lesions (chronic) and aortic valve stenosis in the elderly.

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Electrical Synapse

Back 44

Transmit impulses via passage of current carrying ions through small opening gaps.

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Endocrine Signaling

Back 45

Relies on hormones in the blood stream carried to cells throughout the body.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Cellular organelle composed of a complex network of tubules; important in the production of proteins, fats and calcium ion regulation. 2 subtypes, smooth and rough.

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Exon

Back 47

Segment of DNA coded for protein production

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Expressivity

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Evidence of the gene in a phenotype

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Facilitated Diffusion

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Assisted movement of substance across the cell membrane, not energy dependent; examples are insulin and glucose.

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Gamete

Back 50

Ova and sperm, contain only one chromosomal pair, known as the haploid number

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Gangrene

Back 51

A considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis, usually from hypoxia. 2 Kinds, dry and wet(gas).

Wet is worse.

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Genes

Back 52

Individual units of inheritance located on chromosomes, determine cell protein characteristics

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Genotype

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Genetic make up of an individual

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Glycolipid

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Sugar bound to lipid head of the plasma membrane

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Glycoprotein

Back 55

regulate the cell movement across the matrix, supply a place for attachemnt of the cell to the matrix and prompt the cell to function.

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Golgi Complex

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Cellular organelle with a membranous structure that prepares substance by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell; folding and condensing - trash compactor/post office

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Haploid

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cells containing single chromosomes rather than pairs. Chromosome # 23 ( 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes) characteristic of gametes

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Homozygous

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Identical alleles on each chromosome

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Heterozygous

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Different alleles on each chromosome

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Hydrophilic

Back 60

Likes water

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Hydrophobic

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doesn't like water

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Hydrostatic Forces

Back 62

Force promoting fluid movement between extracellular compartments, promotes the movement of fluid based on the pressure gradient, also called filtration pressure.

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Hyperplasia

Back 63

An abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells of a body part.

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Hypertrophy

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Increase in cell size

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Hypoxia

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Inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue that is below physiologic levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood.

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Infarction

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occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood exists

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Integral Protein

Back 67

Form of transmembrane protein that forms a channel in the plasma membrane for transport of ions

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Intron

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Segment of DNA not involved in protein expression.

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Karyotype

Back 69

Picture of arranged, paired, like chromosomes in order from largest to smallest.

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Ligands

Back 70

molecules that bind to specific receptors, involved in signal transduction.

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Liquifaction Necrosis

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Occurs when some of the cells die, but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed.

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Lysosomes

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Cellular organelles comprised of small sacs surrounded by membrane, responsible for hydrolytic digestion of cellular debris.

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Malignancy

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Invasive or Destructive cellular growth.

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Meiosis

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Process of sex cell (gamete) division. Cell division results gametocytes containing 1/2 (haploid) the # of chromosomes found in a somatic cell.

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Mendelian pattern of inheritance

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Predictable trait transmission based on autosomal dominant or recessive genotypes.

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mRNA

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Template for protein synthesis, depends on a codon sequence based on a complementary strand of DNA; cytoplasmic area where protein is made into amino acid sequences.

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Metaplasia

Back 77

Changing of one cell type to another.

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Metastases

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Process that occurs when neoplasms are spread to distant sites by way of lymphatics or blood vessels.

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Metastatic Calcification

Back 79

Occurs in normal tissue as a result in increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia), ie. Paget Disease, Cancer with bone metastasis

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Mitochondria

Back 80

Cellular organelle containing enzymes involved in oxidative physpholyation, principle producer of cellular energy source, ATP.

Front 81

Mitosis

Back 81

Process of reproduction of nuclear chromosomes in somatic cells, phases include protophase, protometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It results in the creation of a daughter cell with the same chromosome number and genetic make up of the cell of origin.

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Monosomy

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One copy of a chromosome, in place of a normal pair, the result of nondisjunture

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Mutation

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Change in gene or sequence of base pairs that make up the chromosome; genetic alteration perpetuated in subsequent cellular divisions

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Mutator genes

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genes that repair mutated DNA and protect the genome

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Neoplasia

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Irreversible deviant development of cells resulting in the formation of neoplasms.

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Nondisjuntion

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Failure of the chromosome seperation during miosis or metosis that results in an unequal number of chromosomes.

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Nucleus

Back 87

Round mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of the cell, surrounded by the nuclear envelope enclosing structures responsible for mitosis during cell division.

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Oncogenes

Back 88

Cancer causing

Front 89

Osmosis

Back 89

Movement of water across a concentration gradient; water movement to an area of higher concentration particles (less water content) to an area of lower concentration of particles (more water content); regulated by concentration of particles that do not diffuse across the semi permeable membrane.

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Osteoma

Back 90

Tumors that arise from bone cells.

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Oxidative Stress

Back 91

Potential source of cellular damage by exposure to reactive oxygen species

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Paracrine signalers

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Hormone effects restricted to the local environment, enzymes rapidly metabolize the chemical mediators, therfor they act mainly on the nearby cells.

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Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Back 93

Hormonal, Neurological, Hematological and Chemical disturbance in the body is not directly related to the invasion by the primary tumor or metastasis. ie. Anemia and Cushings Syndrome

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Penetrance

Back 94

Ability of a gene to express mutation, influence the effects of mutation

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Peroxisomes

Back 95

Cellular organelles made up of small membrane enclosed sacs, promote cellular survival by oxidation of oxygen free radicals

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Phenotype

Back 96

Genetic traits that are apparent and observable

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Primary Active Transport

Back 97

Process requiring the direct use of energy in the form of ATP

Front 98

Proteosome

Back 98

Large cellular organelle that recognizes abnormally folded or formed proteins, involved in proteolysis

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Proto-Oncogenes

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Normal genes in the body with a vital role in regulating cell function, precursor to oncogenes.

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Receptor

Back 100

A cytoplasmic or cell surface protein that is structure to bind specific factors.

Front 101

Recessive

Back 101

Trait caused by a particular allele that does not manifest itself in the presence of other alleles that generate traits dominant to it

Front 102

RNA

Back 102

Nucleic acid that contains sugar, responsible for control of protein synthesis, made up of 4 nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.

Front 103

Sex Chromosome

Back 103

X or Y, genetic determinants of the sex of an individual

Front 104

Signal Transduction Pathway

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Mechanism of cellular communication, initiated by the bing of ligand to receptors and resulting in an action through subsequent communication events.

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Single Gene Trait

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Characteristics passed on by transmission of a single gene.

Front 106

Soma

Back 106

Cell body, component of the cell that includes the cytoplasm and organelles and is responsible for specialized cell function; somatic - relating to the soma or body

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Symport

Back 107

System of substances transported in the same direction

Front 108

Synaptic Signaling

Back 108

Occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells through special contact areas called synapses

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Telomerase

Back 109

An enzyme that adds length to the telomere, the chromosomal time clock

Front 110

Transcription

Back 110

Transfer of genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA template

Front 111

tRNA

Back 111

Involved in the production of proteins with specific amino acids arrangements through interactions with mRNA

Front 112

Translation

Back 112

Process involved in the production of protein from amino acids

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Translocation

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Exchange of a section of chromosome from one to another, often occurs during meiosis; able to be transferred to subsequent generations

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Transmembrane Proteins

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Proteins extending through the plasma membrane, containing both intracellular and extracellular components.

Front 115

Trisomy

Back 115

Presence of three copies of a chromosome in place of a normal pair, the result of nondisjuncture

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Tumor Markers

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Substances that may detached in cells or body fluids and can provide clues to the presence, extent and treatment response of certain neoplasms.

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Tumor Suppressor genes

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Genes that prohibit over proliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis.