Patho Quiz 6

Front 1

Define Hematocrit (Hct)

Back 1

Percentage of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells

Front 2

Define Anemia

Back 2

Conditions in which there is a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

Front 3

What are 3 causes of anemia?

Back 3

1. Defective RBC's (Sickle cell)
2. Blood loss (Hemorrhage)
3. Increased RBC destruction

Front 4

Define Polycythemia

Back 4

Conditions in which there is excessive RBC numbers or volume (increased Hct)

Front 5

Define Polycythemia vera

Back 5

Myeloproliferative blood disorder (bone marrow makes too many RBC's)

Front 6

What is the most common kind of Polycythemia?

Back 6

Dehydration

Front 7

What can a decreased amount of RBC's or hemoglobin function lead to?

Back 7

Hypoxia

Front 8

What are 4 signs of Hypoxia?

Back 8

1. Energy level: Decreased (Fatigue)
2. Skin/muscle membrane color: Pale or Jaundice
3. Respiratory rate: Increased rate and depth of breath
4. CNS: Dizziness, lethargy, faint

Front 9

What are 4 systems that make compensations with anemia occurs?

Back 9

1. Cardiovascular system
2. Respiratory system
3. Renal system
4. Hematologic System

Front 10

What 2 things does the cardiovascular system compensate for anemia?

Back 10

1. Increases heart rate
2. Capillary Dilation

Front 11

What does the respiratory system compensate for anemia?

Back 11

Increases ventilation (rate and depth of breathing)

Front 12

What does the renal system compensate for anemia?

Back 12

Decreases blood flow to kidney which triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 13

What does the hematologic system compensate for anemia?

Back 13

Bone marrow stimulation (erythropoietin)

Front 14

What is a reticulocyte?

Back 14

Immature RBC

Front 15

When will there be a regenerative activity within the bone marrow of RBC's?

Back 15

1. Lots of reticulocytes
2. Hemolytic blood disorder
3. Blood loss

Front 16

When will there be a non-regenerative activity within the bone marrow of RBC's?

Back 16

1. Little to no reticulocytes
2. Decreases erythropoiesis

Front 17

Define Macrocytic-normochromic anemia

Back 17

Result from abnormal DNA sythesis and RBC's die permently

Front 18

Define Microcytic-hypochromic anemia

Back 18

Disorder of iron metabolism; disorder of prophyrin, heme, or globin synthesis

Front 19

Define Normocytic-normochromic anemia

Back 19

Relatively normal size and color, but insufficient number

Front 20

What are two types of Macrocytic-normochromic anemias?

Back 20

1. Pernicious anemia
2. Folate Deficiency anemia

Front 21

Define Pernicious anemia

Back 21

Definition: Lack of gastric intrinsic factor which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Front 22

What it is Pernicious Anemia caused by?

Back 22

Cause: malabsorption of vitamin B12, Atrophy of gastric mucosa, chronic gastritis, autoimmune, heavy alcohol ingestion, hot tea and smoking

Front 23

True or False
Can Pernicious anemia be fatal if untreated

Back 23

True

Front 24

Define Folate deficiency anemia

Back 24

Lack of folic acid which is essential for RNA and DNA synthesis in the RBC

Front 25

True or False
Human make enough folic acid within their bodies and do not need to take any dietary intake of folate

Back 25

False
Humans are totally dependent on dietary intake of folate

Front 26

What are 3 dietary nutrients that can be taken to receive folic acid?

Back 26

1. Green Leafy Veggies (Spinach, Asparagus)
2. Liver
3. Whole grain cereal

Front 27

What is a specific type of microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

Back 27

Iron Deficiency anemia

Front 28

What are 5 characteristics of Iron Deficiency anemia?

Back 28

1. Women - Pregnancy and menorrhagia
2. Ulcers, ulcerative colitis, cancer
3. Medications that cause GI bleeding
4. Insufficient dietary intake of iron (1-2mg perday)
5. Children <2 years of age

Front 29

What can the lack of iron in the body result in?

Back 29

1. Gastritis
2. Irritability
3. Headache
4. Numbness

Front 30

What are 5 food sources of Iron?

Back 30

1. Red meat
2. Leafy veggies
3. Beans
4. Pistachios
5. Tofu

Front 31

What are 5 different types of Normocytic-normochromic anemias?

Back 31

1. Aplastic Anemia
2. Posthemorrhagic Anemia
3. Hemolytic Anemia
4. Anemia of Chronic Inflammation
5. Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 32

Define Aplastic anemia

Back 32

Rare; can be caused by infections, drugs, toxins and autoimmune. Infiltrates bone marrow.
Symptoms is Pancytopenia

Front 33

Define Posthemorrhagic anemia

Back 33

Sudden blood loss with normal iron stores

Front 34

Define Hemolytic anemia

Back 34

Many causes (aquired or hereditary) Autoimmune, drugs, toxins, blood parasites

Front 35

What are 4 anemias of chronic inflammation?

Back 35

1. AIDS
2. SLE
3. Malignancies
4. Renal Failure

Front 36

Define Sickle Cell Disease

Back 36

Production of abnormal hemoglobin S due to an inherited autosomal recessive disorder

Front 37

What physical characteristics do RBC's take in Sickle Cell Disease?

Back 37

Become stretched into an elongated "sickle" shape

Front 38

True or False
Normal RBC's are very prone to hemolysis

Back 38

False
Abnormally shaped RBC's are very prone to hemolysis

Front 39

What is the percentage of sickle cell trait in Afro-Americans

Back 39

7-13%

Front 40

What is the percentage of sickle cell trait in East Africans?

Back 40

45%

Front 41

What might the sickle cell trait provide protection against?

Back 41

Malaria

Front 42

What are 2 Quantitative disorders of leukocyte functions?

Back 42

1. Decreased bone marrow activity
2. Premature destruction of WBC's in circulation

Front 43

What is a Qualitative disorder of leukocyte functions?

Back 43

Altered function of WBC's in inflammation or immune processes

Front 44

What are two types of Quantitative WBC disorders?

Back 44

1. Leukocytosis
2. Leukopenia

Front 45

Define Leukocytosis

Back 45

1. Increased number of WBC's and can be a normal protective response
2. Can Also be caused by pathologic conditions

Front 46

Define Leukopenia

Back 46

Decreased number of WBC's