Patho Quiz 1

Front 1

An adaptive change where a cell increases in number is called ________________________________.

Back 1

Hyperplasia

Front 2

List one cellular change that occurs in an atrophic cell___________________________________________________

Back 2

Decreased mitochondria & rough E.R. increased lysosomes decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism

Front 3

Cancer cells often exhibit anaplasia, which can also be called ________________________.

Front 4

List one enzyme that degrades free radicals inside of peroxisomes___________________________

Back 4

Catalase

Front 5

Why does failure of the mitochondria result in irreversible cell damage?

Back 5

Decreased ATP - Na/K pumps fail - NA in and K out - H2O enters freely - cell swells -organelles rupture - Ruptured lysosomes cause autodigestion

Front 6

This type of necrosis is wet and gooey in appearance because of the action of hydrolytic enzymes. It is called _________________________.

Back 6

Liquefaction necrosis

Front 7

The growth of the uterine lining because of pregnancy is due to what cellular adaptation?

Back 7

Hypertrophy

Front 8

The entrance into the cell of what ion results in autodigestion? ________________.

Back 8

Sodium

Front 9

The pressure in the blood that is greatest at the venous end of the capillary is called ___________________________.

Back 9

Blood onchotic pressure (proteins in blood create pressure by pulling H2O)

Front 10

ADH release is triggered by a _______________ in blood osmolarity (choose either increase or decrease).

Back 10

Increase

Front 11

Severe diarrhea can cause a (hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic) alteration {circle one}.

Back 11

Hypertonic

Front 12

Hypervolemia can result from (hypernatremia, hyponatremia) {circle one}.

Back 12

Hypernatremia

Front 13

Acidosis results in (hypokalemia, hyperkalemia) {circle one}.

Back 13

Hyperkalemia

Front 14

The organ responsible for regulating potassium balance is the _____________________.

Back 14

Kidney

Front 15

A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue can be called a ________________________________________.

Back 15

Carcinoma

Front 16

Cancer cells _______________________,which means that they are not attached to their neighboring cells.

Back 16

Dissociate

Front 17

Type of cellular adaptation that results in a reduction in the number of ribosome and rough E.R.

Back 17

Atrophy

Front 18

When the heart becomes enlarged, it is undergoing this type of cellular adaptation

Back 18

Hypertrophy

Front 19

Alcohol can result in tissue damage because of these substances which are produced during metabolism

Back 19

Free radicals

Front 20

This type of necrosis occurs in tissues with an abundance of connective tissue

Back 20

Coagulative

Front 21

Inflammation results in edema because of an (increase, decrease) in (BHP,BOP)

Back 21

Decrease, BOP

Front 22

ADH is released because of an (increase, decrease) in blood osmolarity

Back 22

Increase

Front 23

Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in this type of change in water balance (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic)

Back 23

Hypertonic

Front 24

Explain the process by which a cell undergoes lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury

Back 24

Hypoxia-decreased ATP-Na/K pumps quit-Na in K out- H2O in- cell swells- organelles swell-ruptured lysosomes release hydrolase-anaerobic process increases lactic acid - decreases pH- activates hydrolases-autodigestion

Front 25

Define lipid peroxidation and explain why carbon tetrachloride toxicity primarily affects the liver

Back 25

Breakdown of lipids by free radicals. CCl4 is converted to free radicals in the liver which is why the liver is primarily affected

Front 26

List 2 of the 3 things ATP is used for in a contracting muscle

Back 26

Energy to fuel Na/K pump and drives the Myosin/Actin cross-bridge

Front 27

Would a decrease in ADH secretion (diabetes insipidus) result in hypervolemia or does it cause hypovolemia? Why?

Back 27

Hypovolemia. Decreased ADH causes decreased H2O in blood and thus a lower blood volume

Front 28

What organ and hormone are primarily responsible for the regulation of K?

Back 28

Kidneys/ Aldosterone

Front 30

Which type of acid base disorder causes hyperkalemia?

Back 30

Acidosis

Front 31

How would you treat a diabetic for hyperkalemia?

Back 31

Administer insulin and glucose

Front 32

Mild hyperkalemia reults in tachycardia. Why?

Back 32

Potassium is positibely charges which brings the cell from -70 towards -50 depolarizing the cell and causing more frequent contractions and therefore a faster heartrate

Front 33

This cellular adaptation leads to an increase in protein anabolism

Back 33

Atrophy

Front 34

This type of lysosome contains activated enzymes

Back 34

Secondary lysosomes

Front 35

This type of cellular adaptation occurs in the uterus during pregnancy(hint: two word answer)

Back 35

Hormonal hypertrophy

Front 36

The loss of this organelle during hypoxic injury signals that the cell has undergone an irreversible injury

Back 36

Mitochondria / lysosome

Front 37

This histologic change during necrosis appears like small condensed nuclei

Back 37

Pyknosis

Front 38

In addition to lysosomal rupture what other condition must exist in the cell in order for autodigestion to occur?

Back 38

Acidosis

Front 39

Liquefaction necrosis looks "liquidy" because it occurs in organs that lack this type of tissue

Back 39

Connective tissue

Front 40

Hyponatremia will stimulate the release of this hormone

Back 40

Aldosterone

Front 41

Does water deprivation lead to hypovolemia or does it lead to hypervolemia?

Back 41

Hypovolemia

Front 42

Would an increase in ADH secretion lead to an increase or a decrease in osmolarity?

Back 42

Decrease

Front 43

Will hypokalemia result in an increase in blood pH or does it result in a decrease in blood pH?

Back 43

Increase

Front 44

Would you expect a patient with end-stage kidney disease to be hypokalemic or hyperkalemic?

Back 44

Hyperkalemic

Front 45

If ischemia were to occur over a large portion of the body at once, what acid/base disorder would you anticipate? (If it caused autodigestion)

Back 45

Acidosis

Front 46

List a specific cause of pathologic atrophy

Back 46

Decreased blood flow due to a clot or obstruction

Front 47

What organ atrophies due to a physiologic cause?

Back 47

Thymus

Front 48

Why do atrophic cells have decreased number of ribosomes than non-atrophic cells?

Back 48

They do not need to make as much protein

Front 49

Why do atrophic cells have more lysosomes than non-atrophic cells?

Back 49

Unneeded rough E.R. and ribosomes due to less protein production - need to be digested

Front 50

Is BHP, BOP or neither MOST affected and is the force increased or decreased with an increase in aldosterone release?

Back 50

BHP force increased due to increased Na+ in blood which pulls in more H2O

Front 51

Is BHP, BOP or neither MOST affected and is the force increased or decreased with a release of histamine?

Back 51

Increased vascular permeability due to vasoldilation causes BHP to decrease

Front 52

Is BHP, BOP or neither MOST affected and is the force increased or decreased with a decrease in ADH release?

Back 52

Decreased BHP due to less H2O in blood

Front 53

What type of cellular adaptation leads to an increase in E.R and a decrease in lysosomes? WHY?

Back 53

Hypertrophy. More protein needed = more E.R., less cellular debris to digest = less lysosomes

Front 54

What organ is the best at regeneration?

Back 54

Liver

Front 55

Give 2 pathologic causes for hyperplasia

Back 55

Fibroadenoid hyperplasia and endometrial hyperplasia

Front 56

Give 2 physiologic causes for hyperplasia

Back 56

Compensatory hyperplasia (liver and calluses) hormonal hyperplasia (uterine hyperplasia during pregnancy)

Front 57

Give a pathologic cause for hypertrophy

Back 57

Myocardial hypertrophy

Front 58

Give a physiologic cause for cellular hypertrophy

Back 58

Uterine hypertrophy during pregnancy

Front 59

Give another name for atypical hyperplasia

Back 59

Dysplasia

Front 60

Give a pathologic cause for cellular metaplasia

Back 60

Smoking

Front 61

Give 5 mechanisms leading to hypoxic injuries

Back 61

Decreased O2 in air, decreased hemoglobin, decreased RBC's, any disease of respiratory or cardiovascular system, poor circulation - ischemia

Front 62

Which type of hypoxic injury can the body adapt to? (gradual or acute)

Back 62

Gradual

Front 63

During cardiac ischemia how long before the heart turns pale? Stops contractions? Cells die?

Back 63

1 min, 3-5 min, 20 min

Front 64

Why does the heart stop contracting after 3-5 min with cardiac ischemia?

Back 64

Lack of ATP

Front 65

2 points at which cell damage is irreversible?

Back 65

Damage to membrane function and destruction of mitochondria (lack of ATP production)

Front 66

2 natural mechanisms to get rid of free radicals

Back 66

Antioxidants & enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase)

Front 67

ROS?

Back 67

Reactive Oxygen Species

Front 68

Define oxidative stress

Back 68

Injury induced by free radicals especially reactive oxygen species

Front 69

Define free radicals

Back 69

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms with unpaired electron - unstable & can make injurious bonds to proteins, lipids & carbs

Front 70

3 sources of free radicals

Back 70

Endogenous (from normal metabolic processes), metabolism of exogenous drugs (alcohol), absorption of extreme energy sources (x-rays, ultraviolet light)

Front 71

Define ischemia

Back 71

Lack of bloodflow to tissues