Patho Neuro Alterations And Manifestations.

Front 1

Posthyperventilation apnea: description and location of injury.

Back 1

Respiration stops after hyperventilation has lowered the PCO2 level below normal. Rhythmic breathing returns when PCO2 returns to normal.
Associated with diffuse bilateral metabolic or structural disease of the cerebrum.

Front 2

Cheyne-Stokes resperations: description and location of injury.

Back 2

Breathing pattern has smooth increase (crescendo) in the rate and depth of breathing (hyperpnea), which peaks and is followed by a gradual smooth decrease (decrescendo) in the rate and depth of breathing to the point of apnea when the cycle repeats itself. Hyperpneic phase lasts longer than apneic phase.
Bilateral dysfunction of the deep cerebral or diencephalic structures; seen w/supratentorial injury and metabolically induced coma states unrelated to neurologic dysfunction; may also see in CHF.

Front 3

Central reflex hyperpnea (central neurogenic hyperventilation): description and location of injury.

Back 3

A sustained deep rapid but regular pattern (hyperpnea) occurs, with a decreased PACO2 and a corresponding increase in pH and increased PO2.
May result from CNS dmg or dz that involves the lower midbrain and upper pons; seen after increased intracranial pressure and blunt head trauma.

Front 4

Apneusis: description and location of injury.

Back 4

A prolonged inspiratory cramp (a pause at full inspiration) occurs. A common variant of this is a brief end-inpiratory pause of 2 or 3 seconds, often alternating w/an end-expiratory pause.
Indicates damage to the respiratory control mechanism located @ the pontine level; most commonly associated w/pontine infarction but documented w/hypoglycemia, anoxia, and meningis.

Front 5

Cluster breathing: description and location of injury.

Back 5

A cluster of breaths has a disordered sequence with irregular pauses between breaths.
Dysfunction in the lower pontine and high medullary areas.

Front 6

Ataxic breathing: description and location of injury.

Back 6

Completely irregular breathing occurs, with random shallow and deep breaths and irregular pauses. Often the rate is slow.
Originates from a primary dysfunction of the lower pons or upper medulla.

Front 7

Gasping breathing pattern (agonal gasps): description and location of injury.

Back 7

A pattern of deep "all-or-none" breaths is accompanied by a slow respiratory rate.
Indicative of a failing medullary respiratory center.