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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of pneumonia is formed from bacteria in the alveoli, lobar and broncho?
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Typical pneumonia
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What is atypical pneumonia?
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Pneumonia caused by viruses and mycoplasms, infections of alveolar septum and interstitum.
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What kind of pneumonia begins outside the hospital or 48 hours after admission?
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Community acquired pneumonia
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What is hospital acquired pneumonia?
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Lower respiratory tract infection, not present at admission, and is the 2nd most common nosocomial infection in the hospital.
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What is ventilator associated pneumonia?
How is it decreased? |
-Associated with intubation and mechanical ventilation in an ICU.
-Decrease oral bacteria by oral care every 2 hours, nutrition by oral gastric tube |
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What are the 4 stages of pneumonia?
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1. Aspiration (inhaled outside substance into lungs)
2. Inflammatory response 3. Hepatization: conversion of lungs into substance resembling the liver 4. Resolution |
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What are the 3 sources of etiology of pneumonia?
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1. Aspiration
2. Inhalation 3. Systemic |
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What is the process of a pneumonia infection?
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infection --> inflammation --> serous exudate -->
fibrous exudate red hepatinization --> WBC denature hemoglobin: grey hepatinization --> WBC destroys fibrous proteins and liquefies exudate --> reabsorbed into circulation |
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What is it called when the skin turns a bluish color due to a lack of oxygen in the blood?
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Cyanosis
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What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema?
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Crackles, gallop rhythms, tachycardia, cyanosis, cheyne-stokes respirations
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What is pulmonary edema?
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When there is excess water in the lungs
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How does heart disease cause pulmonary edema?
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When the left ventricle fails, filling pressures on the left side of the heart increase and vascular volume redistributes into the lungs, subsequently causing an increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure. When hydrostatic exceeds oncotic, fluid moves out into the interstitium. When the outflow exceeds the lymphatic system’s ability to remove it, pulmonary edema develops
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What are some causes of pulmonary edema?
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Heart disease, ARDS and inhalation of toxic gases, injury to capillary endothelium, blockage of lymphatic vessels.
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What does the sputum look like in pulmonary edema?
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Pink and frothy
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What kind of lung disease is characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury?
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ARDS- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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What are some common predisposing factors of ARDS?
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sepsis and multiple trauma, pneumonia, burns, aspiration, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, pancreatitis, blood transfusion.
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How are neutrophils central to the development of ARDS?
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Activated neutrophils release a battery of inflammatory mediators, including proteolytic enzymes, toxic oxygen products, arachiodonic acid metabolites and platelet -activating factor
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What is an extreme form of non-cardiac pulmonary edema?
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ARDS
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What is the process of ARDS inflammation?
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Exudate enters alveoli, blocks gas exchange, makes inhalation more difficult, neutrophils enter alveoli, release inflammatory mediators and release proteolytic enzymes.
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What is the result of ARDS?
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Severe hypoxia, pulmonary edema from capillary leak, respiratory failure, elevated WBC, potential for permanent lung damage.
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What is asthma?
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Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
(Mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells) |
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Is asthma reversible?
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Yes
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What kind of reaction is asthma?
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
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What is the process of asthma?
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Allergen is present, mast cells release histamines, interleukins, and prostaglandins
then, infiltration of inflammatory cells release cytokines and interleukins, and other inflammatory mediators lastly, airway inflammation, edema, epithelial injury, impaired mucociliary function, increased airway response |
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What is emphysema?
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Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
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What does emphysema appear as?
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Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough
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What do the mast cells do in emphysema?
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mast cells inflammatory mediators cause acute response within 10-20 minutes.
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What happens in tension pneuomothorax?
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The site of pleural rupture acute as a one way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing up during expiration.
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In tension pneumothorax what happens to the air in the pleural space?
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It increases air pressure in the pneumothorax and the effects are life-threatening.
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