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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of incontinence is associated with involuntary detrusor contractions?
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Urge urinary incontinence
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What is urge incontinence precipitated by?
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Strong urge to void
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What is associated with involuntary detrusor contractions?
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-bladder instability
-key in lock syndrome -elevated post-void residula volume |
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What kind of incontinence occurs due to laughing, coughing, sneezing in the absence of a bladder contraction?
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Stress incontinence.
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In stress incontinence does intra-abdominal pressure increase or decrease?
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Increase
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What are some behavioral modifications to help with stress incontinence?
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Pelvic floor muscle strengthening exercises, electrical stimulation, isolation of periurethral muscles
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What is an infection within the kidney pelvis and calyxes called?
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Pyelonephritis
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What is the difference between acute and chronic pyelonephritis?
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Chronic is persistant and reoccurring episodes of acute. Acute is not reoccurring and is an infection of the ureter and renal pelvis.
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What are the causes of pyelonephritis?
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Kidney stones, pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, instrumentation, female sexual trauma, urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder.
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Where are the three places that acute renal failure can occur?
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Prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal.
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Is prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal the most common cause of acute renal failure?
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Pre-renal
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What is prerenal kidney failure caused by?
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impaired renal blood flow because of hypotension and hypovolemia
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What is the most common cause of intrarenal kidney failure?
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Acute tubular necrosis
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When does postrenal kidney failure occur most often?
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Occurs with urinary tract obstruction that affect the kidneys bilaterally (urethral obstruction)
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What are the three phases of renal failure?
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1. Oliguria- (initiation) no urine output.
2. Diuresis- (maintenance) increase urine output 3. Recovery of renal function- rapidly progressive, goal is to maintain life until renal function returns |
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What are some causes of renal failure?
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Acute tubular necrosis, sudden drop in blood flow in the kidneys, damage from medicines, poisons and infections, a sudden blockage that stops urine flowing out of the kidneys.
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What is chronic renal failure?
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Irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems.
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What are the signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure?
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no signs and symptoms until less than 25% normal function
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What are complications of renal failure?
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-Fluid retention --> edema
-Sudden hyperkalemia --> impaired heart function -Weak bones -Anemia -Damage to the CNS --> can't concentrate, fatigue, coma, stupor. -Decrease immune response -Pericarditis -Pregnancy complications -Damage to the kidneys -creatinine and urea clearance -Sodium and water balance -Phosphate and calcium balance -Potassium balance -Acid-base balance -Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia |
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What causes acute tubular necrosis?
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Lack of oxygen to the kidney tissue- ischemia of the kidneys
Can also occur if kidney cells are damaged by poison or harmful substances. |
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What happens in the initiation phase of acute tubular necrosis?
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hypo perfusion overwhelms the kidneys auto regulatory defenses. Ischemia reduces GFR.
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What happens in the maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis?
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The GFR stabilizes at a very low level, typically lasting 1-2 weeks.
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What phase of acute tubular necrosis do complications usually occur?
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Maintenance phase.
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What happens in the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis?
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Regeneration of the tubular epithelial cells.
-Sometimes, an abnormal diuresis occurs causing salt and water loss and volume depletion. |
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What is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium following invasion and colonization by some pathogen within the urinary tract?
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Urinary tract infection
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What kind of UTI is caused by structural abnormalities such as infected cysts, renal/bladder abscesses, pyelonephritis, spinal chord injury and catheters?
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Complicated UTI
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What metabolic processes can cause a complicated UTI?
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Diabetes and pregnancy
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What impaired host responses could cause a complicated UTI?
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transplants and AIDS
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What unusual pathogens can cause complicated UTI?
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Yeast
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What kind of UTI is not caused by structural problems, obstruction or medical conditions?
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Uncomplicated UTI
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What is the definition of a persistent UTI?
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A UTI that remains after at least 3 days after treatment
(issues of bacterial resistance) |
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What are the most common pathogens that cause a UTI?
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E.coli (Most common)
Escherichia colia Staphylococcus saprophyticus Enterobacter spp |
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What in particular is inflammation of the bladder called?
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Cystitis
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What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection?
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Fever, dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, abdominal pain, flank pain, concentrated urine, foul odor, WBCs and nitrates in urine
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What can obstruction of the urinary tract be caused by?
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anatomic or functional defect
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What can obstructive uropathy result in?
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Pain, UTI, loss of renal function, sepsis, or death
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What is severity of urinary obstruction dependent on?
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Location
Completeness Involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts Duration Cause |
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What are the consequences of urinary obstruction?
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Hydroureter (dilation of ureter)
Hydronephrosis (dilation of kidney and pelvis) Tubulointerstial fibrosis (scarring due to collagen) Apoptosis (destruction of nephrons) |
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What is an example of an upper tract obstruction?
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Kidney stones
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What are examples of lower tract obstructions?
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Prostate enlargement, neurogenic bladder, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, bladder neck dyssynergia.
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