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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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S/S OF HYPERNATREMIA. WHAT IS HAPPENING TO CELL?
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HINT THINK CAR:
-CONVULSIONS -AGITATION -RESTLESSNESS + CELL IS SHRIVELING |
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S/S OF HYPONATREMIA, WHAT IS HAPPENING TO CELL?
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HINT THINK HANDS CCC WL+
-HEADACHE -COMA -ANOREXIA -CONFUSION -N/V -CRAMPS -DIARRHEA -WEAKNESS -+DTR -LETHARGY -SEIZURES +CELL WILL SWELL |
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S/S OF HYPOKALEMIA, WHAT IS HAPPENING PATHOLOGICALLY?
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THINK APWCCFIN/VD
-ANOREXIA -PARALYTIC ILEUS -WEAKNESS -CONFUSION -CRAMPS -FATIGUE -INSULIN -N/V -DYSRHYTHMIA +RMP IS LOWER, NEED GREAT STIMULUS |
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S/S OF HYPERKALEMIA, WHAT IS HAPPENING PATHOLOGICALLY?
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-THINK 5 INTIAL, 3 LATER
-CRAMPS -DIARRHEA -TREMORS -TWITCH -RESTLESSNESS FOLLOWED BY -MUSCLE WEAKNESS -PARALYSIS -DYSRHYTHMIA +RMP IS AT OR ABOVE THRESHOLD |
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S/S OF HYPOCALCEMIA, WHAT IS THE PATHO?
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-THINK BSDHTCTCD
-INCREASED BOWEL SOUNDS -DIARRHEA -HYPERREFLEXIA -TINGLING -CHOV/TRO SIGN -TWITCH -CONFUSION -DYSRHYTHMIA +THRESHOLD IS LOWERED |
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S/S OF HYPERCALCEMIA, WHAT IS PATHO?
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-THINK ACNVFWK
-ANOREXIA -CONSTIPATION -N/V -VENTRICULAR DYS -FATIGUE -WEAKNESS -KIDNEY STONES + THRESHOLD IS TOO HIGH |
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S/S OF HYPOMAGNESIA, PATHO?
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THINK DOUBLE H, TRIPLE T, SDB
-HYPERREFLEXIA -HTN -TREMORS -TWITCHING -TACHYCARDIA -SEIZURES -DYSRYTHMIA -BEHAVIOR CHANGE +LESS MG MEANS MORE ACH |
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S/S OF HYPERMAGNESIA, PATHO?
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-THINK OPP OF HYPOMAGNESIA
-BRADYCARDIA -HYPOTENSION -CONFUSION -WEAKNESS -RESP DEPRESS +MG IS BLOCKING ACH |
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S/S OF HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
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-CAUSES HYPOCALCEMIA
-CALCIUM DEPOSITS EVERYWHERE |
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S/S OF HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, PATHO?
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-THINK TRIPLE C, HI, BI
-COMA -CONFUSION -CONVULSION -HYPOXIC -IRRITABLE -BLEEDING -INFECTION + PHOSPHATE NEEDED FOR ATP |
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WHAT KIND OF ELECTROLYTES ARE FOUND INTRACELLULARLY?
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THINK MAGGOTS, PHOSPHATES, AND POT=BAD DIRTY THINGS
-POTASSIUM -MAGNESIUM -PHOSPHATE |
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HOW DO WE SECRETE ADH AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
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WE SECRETE ADH WHEN OSMORECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS NOTICES OSMOLARITY (SALTINESS). AT THE SAME TIME, THIRST IS STIMULATED AND ADH WILL KEEP WATER IN BODY
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WHAT DOES ATRIAL NATURETIC FACTOR DO IN RESPONSE TO WHAT? (2 THINGS)
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ANF IN RESPONSE TO INCREASED VOLUME OF BLOOD IN HEART WILL CAUSE 1.VASODILATION
2. INCREASED EXCRETION OF NA+ AND H20. |
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NAME 2 PATHOLOGIES THAT ARE COMPLICATED BY INCREASED CAP FILTRATION AND VENOUS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
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1. VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
2. CHF |
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WHAT THING KEEPS WATER IN YOUR VESSELS AND THUS IS IMPORTANT IN DIETARY CONSUMPTION
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PROTEIN, MOST OF PROTEIN IS FOUND IN VESSELS FOR ONCOTIC PRESSURE.
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WHAT CAN CAUSE FLUID VOLUME EXCESS?
HINT: 3 BY HABIT, 2 HORMONES 2 DISEASES |
-SALTY DIET
-EXCESS FLUID INTAKE -SALTY MEDS/SUPPLIMENT -ALDOSTERONE -ADH -CHF -CIRRHOSIS |
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WHAT CAUSES HYPONATREMIA?
HINT: 2 HABIT, 4 DISEASES |
-DECREASED NA+ INTAKE
-NA+ LOSS (NG SUCTION, DIURESIS, VOMIT, DIARRHEA, SWEATING) -CHF -RENAL FAILURE -ADDISONS (CAUSES NA+ LOSS BY LOW ALDOSTERONE) -SIADH (TOO MUCH ADH~SUCH INSISTENT ADH!) |
HINT: DISEASE ARE RAC
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WHAT CAUSES HYPERNATREMIA?
HINT: 2 NATURAL/HABIT, 5 DISEASES |
-HYPERTONIC NA SOLUTION IV
-COMA (CANT CONTROL WATER INTAKE) -HYPERALDOSTERONISM -CUSHINGS -ADH DYSFUNCTION (INADEQ) -DIABETES INSTIPIDUS (FROM POLYURIA) -FEVER (CAUSES DEHYDRATION INCREASING OSMOLARITY) |
think FCCH HAND
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HOW IS POTASSIUM SECRETED?
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HINT: THINK POTTY
-THROUGH THE KIDNEYS |
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WHAT CAUSES HYPOKALEMIA?
HINT: 4 HABIT/NATURAL, 1 DISEASE |
-LOW POTASSIUM INTAKE
-DIURETICS -NA RETAINED SO K+ IS LOST -K+ LOSS THRU VOMIT/NG SUCTION -ALKALOSIS (H+ GOES OUT, K+ GOES IN) |
LANDK
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WHAT CAUSES HYPERKALEMIA?
HINT: 2 HABIT, 3 DISEASE |
-INCREASED K+ INTAKE (BY MEDS/DIET)
-CELL BURST IN BURNS/TRAUMA/HYPOXIA -ADDISON (RENAL INSUFFIC) -RENAL FAILURE -ACIDOSIS (H+ GOES IN CELL, K+ OUT CELL) |
HINT: RACIA
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WHAT CAUSES HYPERCALCEMIA?
HINT: 2 HABIT, 2 DISEASE |
-IMMOBILITY (INCREASES OSTEOCLAST)
-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION EXCEEDS RENAL EXCRETION -TUMORS (INCREASES OSTEOCLAST) -PARATHYROIDISM (INCREASES OSTEOCLAST) |
HINT: PITI
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HOW IS PHOSPHATE EXCRETED?
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VIA THE KIDNEYS
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WHAT CAUSES HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA?
HINT:4 HABIT, 1 DISEASE |
-MALNUTRITION
-MALABSORPTION (ALCHO ABUSE) -INCREASE P04 RENAL EXCRETION -P04 BINDING ANTACIDS -RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS |
HINT: RIP MM
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WHY DOES RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS CAUSE HYPHOSPHATEMIA?++ MAYBE NOT TESTED
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BECAUSE THE HIGHER THE pH, CALCIUM WILL START BINDING. SINCE CALCIUM IS BINDING, PARATHYROID HORMONE WILL REACT BECAUSE IT THINKS THERE IS LESS CALCIUM. PARATHYROID HORMONE HATES PHOSPHATES AND LIKES CALCIUM SO WILL CAUSE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE
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How are 2 ways of increasing our blood calcium in times of hypocalcemia?--aka what happens naturally?
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1. Increase Parathyroid hormone (PTH are bone killers that take calcium from bone, it also activates vitamin D
2. Decrease calcitonin (calcitonin is bone maker, it put calcium back into bone and thus decreases blood calcium levels) |
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WHAT CAUSES HYPOCALCEMIA?
HINT: 1 HABIT, 3 BINDERS, 2 DISEASE/SITUATION |
-LOW INTAKE OF CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D
-CITRATE FROM DONATED BLOOD BIND TO CALCIUM -EXCESS PROTEIN BIND TO CALCIUM -EXCESS PHOSPHATE BIND TO CALCIUM -LOW PTH (PTH INCREASE BLOOD CALCIUM/AKA OSTEOCLAST) -ALKALOSIS (CAUSES PHOSPHATE TO BIND TO CALCIUM) |
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CAUSES OF HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA?
HINT: 4 DISEASES, 1 HABIT |
-RENAL FAILURE (CANT EXCRETE P04)
-HYPOCALCEMIA (INVERSE EFFECT) -CHEMOTHERAPY (CELL DAMAGE CAUSE BURST OF INTRACELLULAR CONTENTS LIKE PHOSPHATE) -HYPERPARATHYRODISM (WILL TAKE CALCIUM AND P04 OUT OF BONE, MOMENTARILY CAUSE HIGH P04 LEVELS WHICH LATER WILL EXCRETE) -PHOSPHATE LAXATIVE (INTAKE) |
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WHERE IS MAGNESIUM EXCRETED?
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THROUGH THE KIDNEYS
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WHAT CAUSES HYPOMAGNESIA?
HINT: 5 HABIT |
-INCREASE URINE LOSS OF MAGNESIUM (THROUGH DIURETICS)
-DIARRHEA AND LAXATIVES (LOSS) -ALCOHOL ABUSE (CAUSE IMPAIRED ABSORPTION) -DECREASED INTAKE OF MAGNESIUM (FROM GREEN VEGGIES) |
THINK DIDA
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF OSMOSIS? AS FAR AS FLUID GOES?
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-ONCOTIC PRESSURE
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