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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the most common indicator of renal failure?
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azotemia
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define azotemia?
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an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood: urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine
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what are the 3 main causes/categories of renal failure?
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pre renal, intrinsic, post-renal
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what is the MC cause of acute renal failure?
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pre-renal failure. a marked decrease in renal blood flow
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what percentage of blood from the heart to the kidneys normally receive?
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20 to 25%
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what are the main manifestations of acute renal failure?
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sharp decrease in urine output and disproportinate elevation of BUN.
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what is the most common underlying problem of postrenal failure?
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prostatic hyperplasia
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what are the major causes of intrarenal failure?
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1.ischemia associated with prerenal failure
2.toxic insult to the tubular structures of the nephron 3.intratubular obstruction |
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in acute renal failure, the GFR is decreased. T/F
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true. as a result, excretion of nitrogenous wastes is reduced, and fluid and electrolyte balance cannot be maintained.
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what are some of the conditions that can lead to acute renal failure?
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-decrease in blood flow w/o ischemic injury
-ischemic, toxic or obstructive tubular injury -obstruction of urinary tract flow |
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a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic end products from the blood, regulate fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance of the ECF?
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renal failure
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what causes acute renal failure?
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conditions that produce an acute shutdown in renal function; ie decreased blood flow to the kidney, disorders that disrupt the structures in the kidney or disorders that interfere with the elimination of urine.
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obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys leads to what type of renal failure?
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postrenal failure
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what are the major causes of intrarenal failure?
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-ischemia associated with prerenal failure
-toxic insult to the tubular structures of the nephron -intratubular obstruction -glomerulonephritis -pyelonephritis -acute tubular necrosis |
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name of the disorder that is characterized by destruction of tubular epithelial cells with acute suppression of renal function?
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acute tubular necrosis.
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what are some causes of ATN?
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ischemia, nephrotoxic effects of drugs, tubular obstruction, toxins from a massive infection
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what type of cells in the tubules are particularly sensitive to ischemia and vulnerable to toxins?
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tubular epithelial cells
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which patients are especially vulnerable to ischemic ATN?
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persons with major sx, severe hypovolemia, overwhelming sepsis, trauma and burns.
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what are the two major causes of acute tubular necrosis?
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ischemia and toxin exposure
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what is the largest single cause of kidney failure in the U.S.?
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Diabetic kidney disease
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what conditions can cause chronic kidney failure?
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a number of conditions that cause permanent loss of nephrons, including Diabetes, HTN, glomerulonephritis and polycystic kidney disease.
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what is the best measure of overall function of the kidney?
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GFR. for YA, healthy is approx. 120-130 mL/minute
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what is one of the earliest symptoms of renal insufficiency?
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isosthenuria; polyuria with urine that is almost isotonic with plasma.
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what can be used as an indirect method for assessing the GFR adn the extent of renal damage?
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serum creatinine
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what is the term for urine found in the blood?
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uremia
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once 2/3 of the nephron has been destroyed, what clinical manifestation can be observed in renal failure?
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uremia
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how does uremia differ from azotemia?
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azotemia merely describes the nitrogenous wastes accumulating in the blood, while uremia "blood in urine" includes a host of signs and symptoms.
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what are the signs and symptoms of the uremic state?
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altered fluid: electrolyte and acid-base balance; alterations in regulatory functions (htn, anemia, osteodystrophy) and the effects of uremia on body function
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