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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is Wilms' tumor?
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A neoplasm of the kidneys that typically occurs in children.
Most cases present with abdominal mass, hematuria, and fever |
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What is renal tubular acidoses (RTAs)?
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They are a group of disorders in which there is a failure of the kidney to either resorb bicarbonate or excrete hydrogen ions. They are a cause of a normal anion gap acidosis.
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which syndrome is characterized by massive loss of protein(>3.5 g/day)and lipiduria along with an assoc. hypoalbuminemia in the urine?
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nephrotic syndrome
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what is the leading cause of chronic renal failure accounting for 50% of pts with end-stage renal desease?
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Glomerulonephritis
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What is azotemia?
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presence of nitrogenous wates in the blood
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What is the nephritic syndrome characterized by?
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hematuria
<GFR azotemia oliguria HTN |
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what causes glomerulonephritis?
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It is caused by diseases that provoke an inflammatory response (usually immune origin) of the endothelial, mesangial or epithelial cells of the glomeruli
SLE and strep are often assoc. |
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how are most UTIs acquired?
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they ascend from the urethra and bladder
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what is the second most common type of bacterial infection seen?
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UTIs
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who is at increased risk for UTIs?
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urinary obstruction and reflux
impaired bladder emptying women who are sexually active use of diaphragm as contraceptive postmenopausal women men with prostate disease elderly persons |
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what organism is assoc. with uncomplicated UTIs?
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E. coli
others: Staph saprophyticus |
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which type of kidney stone is assoc. with UTIs?
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magnesium ammonium phosphate(struvite) stones
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what are the 4 types of kidney stones?
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Calcium (oxalate and phosphate)
magnesium ammonium phosphate(struvite) uric acid Cystine |
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what is the most common cause of upper UTIs?
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kidney stones
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what are the most causative agents of pyelonephritis?
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E. coli
Proteus Klebsiella Enterobacter Pseudomonas |
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what are the 2 major groups of renal neoplasms?
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Embryonic (Wilm's Tumor)
Renal cell carcinoma |
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Name the causes of prerenal failure
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Hypovolemia
< vascular filling (shock) Heart failure < renal perfusion due to drugs |
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Name causes of intrarenal failure
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Acute tubular necrosis
renal ischemia exposure to nephrotoxic drugs Intratubular obstruction |
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Name causes of postrenal failure
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Bilaterial ureteral obstruction
Bladder outlet obstruction |
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How is end-stage renal disease defined?
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when the GFR is less than 5% of normal
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what is one of the earliest symptoms of renal insufficiency? (GFR at 20% to 50% of normal)
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Isosthenuria or polyuria with urine that is almost isotonic with plasma
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what are some causes of metabolic acidosis?
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M- methanol poisoning
U- Uremia D- Diabetic ketoacidosis S- Salicylate poisoning L- Lactic acidosis I- D- Dehydration E- |
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define metabolic acidosis
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a decrease in plasma bicarb and pH caused by an excess production or accumulation of fixed acids or loss of bicarb.
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define metabolic alkalosis
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an increase in plasma bicarb and pH that is caused by excess H+ ion loss or bicarb gain
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how do you calculate the anion gap?
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Na+ - (Cl + HCO3)
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Characteristics of diabetes insipidous
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excessive urine production due to low ADH
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what are the osmotically active particles in ECF?
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Na+
Cl- HCO3- These account for 95% of osmotic pressure. BUN and Glucose 5% |
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name some causes of edema
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Increased capillary pressure
(increased vascular volume; ie HF, kidney failure, Na retention) Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure (loss of plasma proteins, protein losing renal diseases, burns) Increased capillary permeability obstruction to lymphatic flow |
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what does edema represent?
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an increase in interstitial fluid volume
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What does atrophic gastritis cause?
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causes a deficiency on intrinsic factor production
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which type of DM is related to an autoimmune process
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Type I DM- not enough insulin is produced due to immune complexes
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what is type II DM?
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obstruction of insulin to the cells, mainly due to life style factors
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what is anasarca?
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Generilized edema
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S/Sx of Nephrotic syndrome
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Gen. Edema
Xerosis-due to loss of protein loss of protein >3.5 g/day hypoalbuminemia < 3 g/dl Cholesterol >300 mg/dl |
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what is acute tubular necrosis
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ischemia and inflammation leading to necrosis of the glomerulus
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what are the causes of metabolic acidosis?
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M- methanol
U- uremia D- diabetic ketoacidosis S- salicylates L- lactic acidosis I- infections D- dehydration/diarrhea E- ethanol |
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what are some manifestations of kidney failure?
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azotemia and uremia
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what is the respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis
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hyperventilation to decrease PCO2
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what is the renal compensation in metabolic acidosis
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if no renal disease, increased H+ excretion and increased HCO3 reabsorption
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what is the primary disturbance in metabolic acidosis
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Decrease in bicarbonate
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Name 4 things that cause metabolic acidosis
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1.increased production of nonvolatile metabolic acids
2.decreased acid secretion by the kidneys 3.excessive loss of bicarb 4.an increase in chloride |
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what are some causes of UT obstruction
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renal calculi
papillary necrosis pregnancy tumors that compress the ureter |
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what are the S/Sx of pyelonephritis
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abrupt onset with chills, fever headache, back pain, CVAT, general malaise, dysuria
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the most common presenting signs in Wilm's tumor
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large abdominal mass
hypertension |
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what characterizes prerenal failure
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a decrease in renal blood flow due to a depletion of vascular volume
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what are some conditions that cause prerenal failure
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hemorrhage
heart failure shock |
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what are some causes fo postrenal failure
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obstruction of renal outflow due to calculi, structures, tumors, BPH
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what causes intrinsic renal faiulure
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ischemia
acute tubular necrosis (MC) acute glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis |
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what does the axial skeleton consist of?
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The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body. It consists of the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs and the sternum or breastbone
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what is the physiologic role of Vit D
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increases calcium absorption in the GI tract and helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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what is osteoarthritis
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degeneration and progressive loss of cartilage within the joints
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what is podagra
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condition in gout in which uric acid crystals are deposited i the big toe
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what is the HPA axis?
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it plays a primary role in the body's reactions to stress by balancing hormone releases from the adrenaline-producing adrenal medulla, and from the corticosteroid-producing adrenal cortex.
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in which disease is PND most commonly seen?
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PND is a sign of severe heart failure, it is most common with CHF
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Describe Hemophilia
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Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder affecting blood clotting
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what form from the ectoderm?
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skin and nervous system
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what forms from the endoderm
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glandular tissue of the liver and pancreas
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name 2 common second messengers
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cAMP and Calcium
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what is the function of the rought ER?
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manufacturing and transporting proteins
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what are the 4 basic types of tissue
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epithelial
connective muscle nerve |
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what is the major cell involved in cell-mediated immunity?
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T-cell
B-cell in Humoral-mediated immunity |
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what do megakaryocytes differentiate into?
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platelets
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what regulates blood cell production?
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cytokines and growth factors
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