Patho Exam 8

Front 1

Type of fracture: along long axis of bone

Back 1

linear

Front 2

Type of fracture: multiple bone fragments

Back 2

Comminuted

Front 3

Type of fracture: at an angle to long axis of bonev

Back 3

Oblique

Front 4

Type of fracture: break forms twisted line, torque on bone, common in ski injury

Back 4

Spiral

Front 5

Type of fracture: across long axis

Back 5

transverse

Front 6

Type of fracture: partial break

Back 6

greenstick

Front 7

Type of fracture: through cartilage or growth plate

Back 7

Transchodral

Front 8

Fracture at distal radius

Back 8

colles fracture

Front 9

type of fracture: at distal fibula

Back 9

pott's fracture

Front 10

type of fracture: base of thumb

Back 10

bennett;s fracture

Front 11

what is the first step of fracture healing and what's teh time frame

Back 11

fracture hematoma: 6-8 hours

Front 12

what is the second step of fracture healing and what's teh time frame

Back 12

callus formation (fibrocartilaginous callus then bony callus) takes from weeks up to 6 months

Front 13

what is the third step of fracture healing and what's teh time frame

Back 13

remodeling; several months

Front 14

partial loss of contact between articular surfaces

Back 14

subluxation

Front 15

complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Back 15

dislocation

Front 16

partial tear of a ligament

Back 16

sprain

Front 17

partial tear of a muscle or tendon

Back 17

strain

Front 18

is an inflammtion of a tendon, slow to heal, normal collagen replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen

Back 18

tendonitis

Front 19

lateral epicondylitis

Back 19

tennis elbow

Front 20

medial epicondylitis

Back 20

golfer's elbow

Front 21

inflammation of teh bursae

Back 21

bursitis

Front 22

inflammation of muscular tissue with subsequent calcification of the muscle tissue

Back 22

myositis ossificans

Front 23

breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle trauma

Back 23

rhabdomyolysis

Front 24

oxygen-carrying protein of muscle

Back 24

myoglobulin

Front 25

a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the density is decreased and bone lacks structural integrity

Back 25

osteoporosis

Front 26

causes of osetoporosis

Back 26

decreased levels of estrogen and testosterone, decreased activity level, inadequate levels of vitamin D, C and Mg

Front 27

disease that result in inadequate or delayed mineralization

Back 27

osteomalacia or rickets

Front 28

increased metabolic activity (excessive bone remodeling) manifested by disorganized thickened but soft bones, most often occurs in axial skeleton

Back 28

Paget Disease (osteitis deformans)

Front 29

bone infection, most often caused by staphylococcal infections,

Back 29

osteomyelitis

Front 30

represents a group of diseases which destroy the joints,

Back 30

arthropathies

Front 31

degenerative joint disease, atypical inflammatory process, loss of articular cartilage, resutls in formation of bone spurs

Back 31

osteoarthritis

Front 32

osteophytes

Back 32

bone spurs

Front 33

protoypical inflammatory joint disease; systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue, primarily in the joints .

Back 33

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 34

symmetric arthritis, morning joint stiffness, swelling of soft tissue

Back 34

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 35

abnormal metabolism of purine nucleotides resulting in accumulation and elevation of uric acid in the blood and body fluids

Back 35

gout

Front 36

tophi

Back 36

urate crystal granuloma

Front 37

muscular symptoms arising from a variety of causes, some unrelated to the muscle itself

Back 37

secondary muscle dysfunction

Front 38

Physiologic contractures

Back 38

malignant hyperthermia or McArdle disease, muscle fiber shortening, caused by heat illness or drugs, caused by failur of the calcium pump to replace calcium in teh SR

Front 39

pathologic contractures

Back 39

muscular dystrophy or spinal cord injury, muscle fiber shortening due to muscle spasm or weakness, heel cord contractures after spinal injuries and muscular dystrophy are examples

Front 40

chronic non-inflammatory musculoskeletal syndrome, tender points,

Back 40

fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome

Front 41

reduction in muscule the normal size of muscle cells due to prolonged inactivity and muscular deconditioning

Back 41

disuse atrophy

Front 42

pure and simlpe shock, heart is not working (MI, ischemia, infections, dysrrhtythmias)

Back 42

cardiogenic shock

Front 43

shock: insufficient intravascular fluid volume from the loss of whole blood, blood plasma or interstitial fluid

Back 43

hypovolemic shock

Front 44

widespread vasodilation from an inbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic simulation

Back 44

neurogenic (vasogenic) shock

Front 45

widespread type 1 hypersentivity reaction leading to vasodilation

Back 45

anaphylactic shock

Front 46

bacteremia, endotoxins and exotoxins cause the host to initiate a severe inflammatory process leading to widespread vasodilation and vascular collapse

Back 46

septic shock

Front 47

seriousness of a burn is detemined by its depth and extent of area involved what is a major burn of third degree and second degree

Back 47

Third degree is over 10% or any burns on face, hadns feet or perineum, Second degree: over 25%

Front 48

what percent is anterior and posterior head and neck

Back 48

9%

Front 49

what percent is anterior and posterior surfaces of each upper limb

Back 49

9% (18% for both)

Front 50

what percent is anterior and posterior surfaces of trunk and buttocks

Back 50

36%

Front 51

what percent is anterior and posterior surfaces of each lower limb up to the buttocks

Back 51

9% for anterior 9 % for posterior or each leg is 9%

Front 52

what percent is perineum

Back 52

1%

Front 53

type of burn: involves only epidermis, mild pain, and delayed blistering, skin function and sensory function is maintained

Back 53

First-degree burn

Front 54

type of burn: involves epidermis and parts of dermis. erythema, edem, rapid blistering, hair will reappear

Back 54

second-degree burn

Front 55

type of burn: skin function is lost, full thickness burn. loss of skin function and sensory function, white, cherry red, or black skin, severe scarring

Back 55

third-degree burn

Front 56

burns initiate a ____metabolic state (resetting of the hypothalamix thermostat)

Back 56

hypermetabolic

Front 57

cyclic, physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships and/or activities, occurs in luteal phase

Back 57

premenstrual syndrome

Front 58

most common endocrine disturbance in the US, leading cause of anovulation. manifests as polycystic ovaries, infertility, hirsuitism, acne, thyroid disease, cushing syndrome, and often progresses to diabetes mellitus

Back 58

polycystic ovarian syndrome

Front 59

cysts that are common any time but usually associated with early and late reproductive years.

Back 59

benign ovarian cysts

Front 60

functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus, associated with early menarche, infertility, frequent menstruations, pelvic pain, and nulliparity

Back 60

endometriosis

Front 61

what sites are involved in endometriosis

Back 61

ovaries, peritonal surfaces, uterus, bladderm uterine tubes, and uterine ligaments.

Front 62

absence of menstruation for three or more cycles or six months in women who have previously menstruated.

Back 62

secondary amenorrhea

Front 63

type of dysmenorrhea: not related to pelvic disease, excessive endometrial prostaglandin secretion during uterine cycle,

Back 63

primary dysmenorrhea

Front 64

type of dysmenorrhea: caused by underlying pelvis disease, PID, endometriosis, and adhesions

Back 64

secondary dysmenorrhea

Front 65

abnormal uterine bleeding from disturbances of the menstral cycle-usually anovulation. progesterone/estrogen imbalance leading to incomplete sloughing of endometrium

Back 65

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Front 66

acute inflammation of the upper genital tract, often caused by sexually transmitted infections, purulent vaginal discharge, sever pelvic tenderness

Back 66

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Front 67

what fungus is usually the cuase of vaginitis

Back 67

candida albicans

Front 68

inflammation of the skin of the vulva and often the perianal area

Back 68

vulvitis

Front 69

inflammation of one or both of the ducts and glands near the vaginal opening

Back 69

bartholinitis

Front 70

palpable lumps in the breat that fluctuate with the menstral cycle, Types:cystis, fibrous and epithelial proliferative

Back 70

fibrocystic breast disease

Front 71

inflammation of the urethra without bladder invovlement

Back 71

urethritis

Front 72

fibrotic narrowing of the urethra because of scarring, trauma or untreated urethral infections

Back 72

urethral stricture

Front 73

penile foreskin is "too tight", can't retract foreskin form the glans of the penis

Back 73

phimosis

Front 74

foreskin is retracted and can't be reduced causing constriction around the penis

Back 74

paraphimosis

Front 75

"bent-nail" syndrome, slow development of fibrous plaques in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa causing a lateral curvature of the penis during erection

Back 75

peyronia disease

Front 76

inflammation of the glans penis, usually from accumulation of smegma under the foreskin

Back 76

balanitis

Front 77

erection that last a long time or is permanent

Back 77

priapism

Front 78

"bag of worms" inflammation of the venous plexus in the spermatic cord. caused by inadequate or absent valves in the spermatic veins

Back 78

varicocele

Front 79

scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis. imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorption

Back 79

hydrocele

Front 80

cyst located between the head of the epididymis and the testis; milky fluid and does not cover the entire anterior scrotal surface

Back 80

spermatocele

Front 81

failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum, caused by a developmental delay, mechanical factor, or a deficiency in gonadotropin stimulation. lead to infertility or neoplastic susceptibility

Back 81

crytorchidism

Front 82

rotation of spermatic cord, interrupts blood supply by twisting the arteries and veins, can be spontaneous or due to trauma or exertion

Back 82

testicular torsion

Front 83

acute inflammation of the testes, usually a complication of a systemic infection (mumps) or infection from the epididymis

Back 83

orchitis

Front 84

inflammation of epididymis, usually due to sexually transmitted microorganism in young males, can cause abscess formation and scarring

Back 84

epididymitis

Front 85

enlarged prostate compresses the prostatic urethra and cause bladder outflow obstruction. urination delay, frequent urination

Back 85

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Front 86

inflammation of the prostate

Back 86

prostatitis

Front 87

95% of prostate neoplasms are peripheral ____

Back 87

adenocarcinomas

Front 88

bacteria caused by a negative diplococcus, produces endotoxin and damages the mucosa of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes..(Neisseria gonorrheae)

Back 88

gonorrhea

Front 89

bacteria that is gram negative helical bacterium (spirochete), moves in corkscrew fasthion, organism rapidly destroyed by heat, cold, or drying

Back 89

Syphilis

Front 90

sexual transmission occurs through broken skin or mucus membranes coming into contact with an open lesion.

Back 90

Primary syphilis

Front 91

this stage is characterized by the systemic dissemination of the organism. lymphadenopathy, malaise, fever, pharyngitis, skin rash

Back 91

secondary syphilis

Front 92

this stage occurs 10-30 years after last stage. patients exhibit neurological, cardiac, and cutaneous involvement. large skin lesions, degeneration of spinal cord, meningitis, destruction of elastic tissue of the aorta

Back 92

tertiary syphilis

Front 93

gumma

Back 93

large skin lesion

Front 94

RPR

Back 94

rapid plasma reagin: test for syphilis

Front 95

bacteria. obligate intracellular gram negative coccus. exists as an extracellular elementary body. attaches to a receptor host cell and enters by endocytosis. manifests with purulent discharge, cervicitis, urethritis, prostatitis (chlamydia trachomatis_

Back 95

chlamydia

Front 96

painful blister-like lesions on external genitalia and genital tract. virus remains dormant in posterior root ganglion or trigeminal ganglion for a lifetime

Back 96

Herpes Simplex

Front 97

caused by HPV. appear several weeks to several months after contact. soft, skin-colored single or clustered growths,

Back 97

Genital Warts (condylomata acuminata)

Front 98

sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. causes erythema of the vaginal wall, discharge, pruritis, painful intercourse, and dysuria.

Back 98

trichomoniasis

Front 99

human itch mite. burrows into upper layer of skin and lays eggs. transmitted by direct contact. Intense itching and pimply rash

Back 99

scabies

Front 100

Phthirus pubis

Back 100

crabs (crab louse)