Patho - Exam 4 Other Respiratory Disorders

Front 1

4 causes of pneumonia:

Back 1

1. aspiration oropharyngeal secretions
2. inhalation of contaminants (virus)
3. contamination of systemic circulation
4. bacterial

Front 2

bacterial cause of pneumonia:

Back 2

-seems more acute than virus
-gram (+) or (-)

Front 3

Exs of gram + :

Back 3

staph, strep, pneumo

Front 4

Exs of gram - :

Back 4

hemophilus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, E Coli, proteus
-worse than gram + and more difficult to treat

Front 5

clinical manifestations of pneumomia:

Back 5

-rales (or crackles) make a popping sound
-bronchi sounds louder and it gurgles
-fever, chills, sputum

Front 6

Diagnosis of pneumonia:

Back 6

-gram stain and sputum culture
-chest xray
-usually a gram + organism or virus (unless hospitalization &/or other diseases)

Front 7

Tx of pneumonia:

Back 7

-antibiotics according to the cause
-time if viral

Front 8

pneumonia:

Back 8

-respiratory disorders involving inflammation of the lung structures, such as in the alveoli and bronchioles

Front 9

tuberculosis:

Back 9

-an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium which is a rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria that is resistant to destruction
-any organ system can be involved

Front 10

diagnosis of tuberculosis:

Back 10

-sputum cultures
-gastric and bronchial washings
-chest xray (check for infiltrates in upper lobes)
-tuberculin test

Front 11

Tx for tuberculosis:

Back 11

-isoniazid and rifampin for months
-drug prophylaxis

Front 12

Causes of neoplasms:

Back 12

-smoking
-relation to asbestos

Front 13

common symptoms of tuberculosis:

Back 13

-history of contact
-cough, night sweats, weight loss

Front 14

4 types of lung cancer:

Back 14

1. large cell
2. small (Oat) cell
3. squamous cell
4. adenocarcinoma

Front 15

Large cell lung cancer:

Back 15

-aggressive and causes lung periphery

Front 16

small cell lung cancer:

Back 16

-aka "Oat" from size
-most aggressive
-usually located in central bronchi
-widespread, metastases

Front 17

neoplasms of the lung:

Back 17

-new growth or tumor
-varies with type and location of tumor
-can cause SVC compression, hoarseness (recurrent laryngeal nerve), phrenic nerve involvement, pleural effusion

Front 18

squamous cell lung cancer:

Back 18

-most common
-located in central bronchi
-metastases to hilar nodes

Front 19

adenocarcinoma:

Back 19

-located in the periphery of the lungs
-slowest growing
-peripheral location delays diagnosis usually

Front 20

diagnosis of lung cancer:

Back 20

1. chest xray
2. sputum cytology (bronchoscopy)
3. biopsy
4. pleural fluid
5. CT scan

Front 21

Tx of lung cancer:

Back 21

1. surgery (non-small cell)
2. radiation (non-operable)
3. chemotherapy

Front 22

pulmonary hypertension:

Back 22

PAP > 30 mmHg systolic
or > 18 mean

Front 23

normal pulmonary artery pressure:

Back 23

25/10 mmHg systolic
15 mean

Front 24

2 types of pulmonary HTN:

Back 24

primary and secondary

Front 25

primary pulmonary HTN:

Back 25

-common in young women 20-30 YO
-cause is unknown
-rapidly progressive

Front 26

secondary pulmonary HTN:

Back 26

-secondary response to anther condition or process
-increased resistance to pulmonary blood flow, increased flow, or increased left atrial pressure

Front 27

2 main effects of pulmonary HTN:

Back 27

1. thickening of vessel walls
2. pulmonary atherosclerosis

Front 28

clinical manifestations of pulmonary HTN:

Back 28

-exercise intolerance early in life
-eventually suffer from Cor Pulmonale (RHF)

Front 29

Dx of pulmonary HTN:

Back 29

1. chest xray to r/o enlargement of pulmonary arteries or RVH
2. EKG (r/o RVH)
3. Echocardiogram

Front 30

Tx for pulmonary HTN:

Back 30

-surgical repair for R to L shunt
-vasodilators and diuretics
-transplantation (sometimes the only solution to this condition)

Front 31

2 types of occupational lung diseases:

Back 31

1. pneumoconioses
2. hypersensitivity diseases

Front 32

pneumoconioses:

Back 32

-caused by inhalation of inorganic dusts and particlate matter
-duration, concentration and particle size is important

Front 33

hypersensitivity disease:

Back 33

-result from the inhalation of organic dusts and related occupational antigens

Front 34

3 most common pneumoconioses:

Back 34

anthracosis (coal)
silicosis
asbestosis

Front 35

How does occupational lung disease affect the mucociliary system?

Back 35

-atmospheric pollutants interfere with ciliary action
-inorganic particles have little effect

Front 36

clinical manifestations of occupational lung disease:

Back 36

-has long term effects
-progressive disease

Front 37

diagnosis of occupational lung disease:

Back 37

-chest xray (usually a late finding)
-pulmonary function delays abnormalities(?)

Front 38

Tx of occupational lung disease:

Back 38

-essential to take preventative measures
-use respirators at work
-removal from job

Front 39

How successful are disease pathologies reversed with tx?

Back 39

rarely successful

Front 40

respirators:

Back 40

-personal protective equipment designed to protect the wearer from respiratory hazards

Front 41

What can cause a pulmonary embolism? (list predisposing factors)

Back 41

1. stasis (stagnant) vein
2. hypercoagulability
3. damage to the intima of the vein

Front 42

pulmonary embolism:

Back 42

-obstruction of pulmonary arteries, usually by detached fragments of a clot from a leg or pelvic vein
-can be fat, air, amniotic fluid, blood clot

Front 43

Where are most pulmonary embolisms formed?

Back 43

-95% formed in lower extremities as a sequela (2ndary consequence) of other pathologies

Front 44

How is a thrombi released during a pulmonary embolism?

Back 44

trauma, effect of exercise and muscle action and changes in blood flow

Front 45

What side of the heart can a pulmonary embolism damage mostly?

Back 45

RIGHT sided heart failure

Front 46

What percentage of infarctions are pulmonary?

Back 46

15%

Front 47

Dx of pulmonary embolism:

Back 47

lung scan, ABGs and pulmonary arteriography

Front 48

TX of pulmonary embolism:

Back 48

prevention
O2 therapy
anticoagulation
thrombolytic therapy (sever cases)
vena caval filter
embolectomy