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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Degenerative Neurological disorders
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Parkinson's disease myasthenia gravis Alzheimer's disease epilepsy |
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Neuromuscular disorders
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Physiological responses to neuromuscular dysfunction Paralysis: Inability of a muscle group to overcome gravity Hemiparesis: fWeakness on one side of the body Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower extremities Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four extremities Flaccidity: A type of hypotonia with decrease muscle tone/movement Spasticity: type of hypertonia that results in excessive resistance Atrophy: Shrinkage of muscle mass mass from lack of use/stimulation Akinesia: Decrease in voluntary movements Dyskinesia: abnormal involuntary movements (chorea) |
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Parkinson's definition and etiology
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A chronic disorder of the basal ganglia of the brain. Types include primary and secondary. The cause of primary is unknown. Occurs after age 40 and peaks at age 60. Affects men and women equally. Secondary occurs secondary to other disorders (infection, toxicity, neoplasm, head injury). The number of DA receptors In basal ganglia decreases Buildup of amyloid protein and tangles in the substance of the brain |
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Parkinson's signs and symptoms
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Muscular effects: Tremors that occur at rest and subside with voluntary movement, present at all times in late course of the disease Muscular rigidity: involuntary, jerky contraction of striated muscle. Difficulty in initiating and continuing movements, postural fixation, mask-like face, constipation, urinary retention Dementia may occur in late stages |
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Treatment of Parkinson's disease
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Dopamine precursors (Levadopa) Dopamine decarboxylase inhibitors (Sinemet) Anticholinergic agents |
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Myasthenia Gravis definition
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Neuromuscular junction disorder characterized by striated muscle weakness and severe fatigue
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Myasthenia Gravis Etiology
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Autoimmune disorder predominantly in women Thymic tumor in 20% and receptor binding Ab's in 80% of persons. Postsynaptic ACh receptors fail to recognize stimulation |
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Myasthenia Gravis S&S
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Onset is insidious, begins with fatigue and mild muscle weakness. Initially is muscles of the eyes, face and throat>impaired swallowing, drooling, choking and changes in speech
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Myasthenia Gravis Treatment
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Tensilon to diagnose and improve muscle weakness. Anticholinergics and steroids. Plasmapheresis and pulmonary support
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Alzheimer's disease (Disease of the Alzheimers type DAT) Defintion
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Chronic, irreversible mental disorder starting with memory loss, progressing to severe neurologic manifestations
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Alzheimer's disease (Disease of the Alzheimers type DAT) Etiology
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The cause is unknown. One theory is the loss of the enzyme cholineacetyltransferase, which results in a decrease of ACh. A genetic predisposition seems to exist, may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Typically affects people >65, if it occurs earlier it is called presenile dementia |
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Alzheimer's disease (Disease of the Alzheimers type DAT) S&S
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Neurofibillary tangles and degeneration of large terminal axons in the cortex of the brain. Insidious onset. Memory loss, confusion and disorientation. Higher mental functions (judgements, abstract thinking, visual-special relationships) begin to deteriorate Ability to concentrate diminishes. Personality changes occur, motor changes may also occur |
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Epiliepsy
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Sudden electrical discharges from the brain characterized by transient alterations in motor, sensory, cognitive, and brainstem functions Generalized seizures include: - Tonic-clonic (Grand mal) - Absence (petite mal) Partial seizures include: - simple (Jacksonian) - complex |
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Epilepsy Etiology
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Head trauma, cerebrovascular disorders, congenital malformations, perinatal injury, infection, tumors, metabolic disorders, idiopathic Can be precipated by hypoglycemia, fatigue, stress, illness, drug use or environmental stimuli |
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Epilepsy S&S
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Cells in an epileptogenic focus have a lower firing threshold. Neighboring cells can respond and be recruited into the firing pattern. A prodrome or aura commonly occurs before a generalized or partial seizure Tonic-clonic seizures, loss of consciousness and the patient slowly returns to consciousness |
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Epilepsy Treatment
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Protect the patient from injury, maintain an open airway. After the seizure, administer antiseizure medications
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Multiple Sclerosis Description
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Demyelinating disorder of CNS, usually upper motor neurons. Cause is unknown, but there is genetic predisposition
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Multiple Sclerosis S&S and treatment
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Common between ages 20-40, affects more women than men, inflammatory reactions, breakdown of BBB, macrophages enter myelin sheath and destroy it. Initial blurred vision Diagnose with MRI, CAT, spinal tap Steroids used for exacerbations, symptomatic support, PT, counseling |
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Multiple Sclerosis Uthoffs Phenomenon
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Increase in symptoms with heat or vigorous exercise
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Geherig's disease)
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Fatal disorder marked by degradation of upper motor neurons (UMN) and LMN. Etiology: unknown, more common in men, starts in the 30s, degeneration of MN without inflammation. Have identified 4 genetic mutations, including SOD1, which accounts for premature apoptosis. |
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ALS S&S and treatment
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Muscle weakness, wasting and atrophy, paralysis, speech and swallowing dysfunction Diagnosed using EMG Riluzole, a glutamate inhibitor is the only FDA approved treatment, but it is NOT a cure |
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Guillain-Barre syndrome Etiology
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An inflammatory demyelinating disease, characterized by ascending muscle paralysis which has an acute onset. Etiology: cell mediated immune response in peripheral nerves, usually preceded by an upper respiratory viral infection. Affects all ages and sexes equally. Starts at periphery of myelin on axon and moves toward cell body |
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Guillain-Barre syndrome S&S and treatment
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Acute and rapid progression of symptoms, paralysis begins in legs and progresses to diaphragm. Loss of deep muscle reflexes, autonomic NS dysfunction (BP, HR, sweating). Recovery occurs in reverse order. Airway support, steroids, PT, plasmaphoresis (in the acute stage) |
