Patho Exam 4

Front 1

 
Lipoprotein that lowers surface tension in the alveoli, reducing the amount of pressure of needed to inflate the alveoli.

Back 1

Surfactant

Front 2

Alveolar collapse

Back 2

Atelectasis

Front 3

A baby born at 32 weeks gestation suffers IRDS shortly after delivery. What is likely the root cause?

Back 3

Insufficient surfactant production

Front 4

A man experiencing Respiritory issues related to anxiety is more like to experience Respiritory acidosis or alkalosis?

Back 4

Respiratory Alkalosis due to hyperventilation

Front 5

A man experiencing Respiritory issues related to atelectasis is more like to experience respiritory acidosis or alkalosis?

Back 5

Respiritory acidosis due to hypoventilation

Front 6

pH level in acidosis

Back 6

Arterial blood pH < 7.35

Front 7

pH level in alkalosis

Back 7

Arterial blood pH > 7.45

Front 8

ABG analysis for respiratory acidosis

Back 8

pH: < 7.35 ; PaCO2: >45 Mmhg; HCO3: norm

Front 9

ABG analysis for respiratory alkalosis

Back 9

pH: > 7.45 ; PaCO2: <35 Mmhg; HCO3: norm

Front 10

Blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.

Back 10

Cyanosis

Front 11

Suspension of external breathing

Back 11

Apnea

Front 12

Most cases of infant respiratory distress syndrome can be ameliorated or prevented if mothers who are about to deliver prematurely are given ____________ hormones

Back 12

glucocorticoid

Front 13

Shortness of breath

Back 13

Dyspnea

Front 14

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat.

Back 14

Orthopnea

Front 15

A person who sleeps propped up in bed or sitting in a chair so that they can breath, likely suffers from...

Back 15

Orthopnea

Front 16

A normal respiritory response to exertion. Cause for alarm when it occurs during moderate activity or rest.

Back 16

Dyspnea

Front 17

Increased depth of breathing when required to meet metabolic demand of body tissues

Back 17

Hyperpnea

Front 18

Rapid, shallow breathing

Back 18

Tachypnea

Front 19

Coughin up of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs

Back 19

Hemoptysis

Front 20

Symptom of TB and PE

Back 20

Hemoptysis

Front 21

Provides true measure of oxygen level

Back 21

ABG

Front 22

Non-invasive method of monitoring oxygenation of a patient's hemoglobin

Back 22

Pulse oximetry

Front 23

Unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby

Back 23

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Front 24

Most SIDS deaths occur in children between _________ and _________ of age.

Back 24

2 months, 4 months

Front 25

Sudden infant death syndrome rarely occurs before _________ of age or after _________.

Back 25

1 month, 6 months

Front 26

Factors that form the triple-risk model of SIDS

Back 26

- vulnerability (often genetic)
- critical developmental period
- outside stressor

Front 27

Environmental stressors for SIDS that should be removed from crib include...

Back 27

Pillows, blankets, bumper pads, loose fiting bottom sheet, soft toys

Front 28

Maternal factors that increase infants risk of SIDS

Back 28

Mother....
is less than 20 during 1st pregnancy
had late or no prenatal care
had too short an interval during pregnancies
smoked during or after pregnancy

Front 29

Non-maternal risk factors for SIDS

Back 29

Premature
Low birth weight 
Multiples
Stomach sleeping

Front 30

Bed/sofa sharing __________ the risk of SIDS while room sharing may ________ risk.

Back 30

Increases, decrease

Front 31

The most important preventative measure for SIDS...
A. Pacifier use
B. Back sleeping
C. Maternal prenatal smoking cessation
D. Prevention of over-heating

Back 31

B. Back sleeping

Front 32

Congenital abnormalities in the "arcuate nucleus," (portion of the brain that is involved in control of respiration, heart rate, thermoregulation and arousal during sleep) may contrribute to...

Back 32

SIDS

Front 33

The leading cause of death in infants between one to 12 months old. 

Back 33

SIDS

Front 34

Life-threatening condition that causes lung inflamation and fluid build up in the air sacs.

Back 34

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 35

Causes of ARDS

Back 35

pneumonia, septic shock, trauma, aspiration of vomit, or chemical inhalation

Front 36

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus, which can be a thrombus, tissue fragment, lipids, foreign body, or an air bubble.

Back 36

Pulmonary embolism

Front 37

Most common cause of pulmonary embolism

Back 37

DVT

Front 38

Types of pneumonia

Back 38

bacterial
viral
fungal
Inhalation
aspiration
community acquired: CAP
hospital acquired: HAP
ventilator acquired: VAP

Front 39

Pneumonia is caused by the inhalation, aspiration or hematogenous spread of pathogens that can be _________, _________ or _________.

Back 39

bacterial, viral, fungal

Front 40

Pneumonia treatments

Back 40

Antibiotics: zithromax or biaxan mycin drugs
Oxygen
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Fluids

Front 41

A 39 year old woman comes to the emergency room with pneumonia. What lab test would be ordered to determine how to treat?

Back 41

Sputum Culture

Front 42

All of the following are used to treat viral pneumonia, except...
A. Antibiotics
B. Antipyretics
C. Fluids
D. Analgesics

Back 42

A. Antibiotics

Front 43

A person living in a homeless shelter is most at risk for ___________ pneumonia while an elderly person has a higher risk of developing ___________ pneumonia.

Back 43

Inhalation, aspiration

Front 44

Air in the pleural space a causing complete or partial collapse of the lung. Treated with cest tube.

Back 44

Pnuemothorax

Front 45

Rupture of lung visceral pleura allowing lung to collapse

Back 45

Closed pneumothorax

Front 46

Opening in chest wall

Back 46

Open pneumothorax

Front 47

Tear in the pleural space caused by high intrapleural pressure from an open or closed pneumothorax. Causes tracheal deviation and collapse lung

Back 47

Tension pneumothorax

Front 48

Accumulation of blood in the  intrapleural space, result from chest trauma, lung malignancies, pulmonary emboli

Back 48

Hemothorax

Front 49

Pussy pleural drainage. Treated with antibiotics

Back 49

Purulent

Front 50

Cloudy pleural drainage with inflammatory cells. May be caused by tumor.

Back 50

Exudative

Front 51

Clear pleural drainage

Back 51

Transudative

Front 52

Collection of pus (abcess) in the pleural space that often results from untreated infection.

Back 52

Empyema

Front 53

Squamous cell cancer that affects the vocal cords, glottis area.

Back 53

Laryngeal Cancer

Front 54

Causes of laryngeal cancer

Back 54

Smoking, alcohol and HPV virus

Front 55

Classical symptom of laryngeal cancer

Back 55

Hoarseness

Front 56

Infectious illness of the respiratory system involving the larynx, trachea, and the airways leading to the lungs. Found in babies and young children.

Back 56

Croup

Front 57

Croup most often occurs when weather is ________ and is sometimes caused by ________ and __________.

Back 57

Colder, viruses, bacteria

Front 58

Classical symptom of croup

Back 58

Barking cough that worsens at night.

Front 59

The most common chronic respiratory disorder that includes a spectrum of diseases characterized by limited airflow and poor oxygenation of the blood.

Back 59

COPD

Front 60

Leading cause of COPD

Back 60

Smoking

Front 61

Two main disease processes of COPD

Back 61

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Chronic asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic bronchiectasis are also COPD

Front 62

Symptoms of COPD

Back 62

Chronic productive cough
Barrel chest
Increasing tolerance of high CO2 levels and low O2 levels
Shortness of breath upon exertion
Club fingers
Wheezing
Fever if an infection (bronchitis) is present

Front 63

Inflammation of the bronchi with enlargement and hypersecretion of the mucous glands which leads to diffuse airway obstruction

Back 63

Bronchitis

Front 64

Assessment of chronic bronchitis

Back 64

Heavy productive cough
Progression - cough becomes continuous
Dyspnea and wheezing become more severe.
Cyanosis
Generalized edema

Front 65

Acute bronchitis is caused by _________ or __________ and often develops during the course of an upper respiratory infection

Back 65

Viruses, bacteria

Front 66

Chronic bronchitis most often develops due to recurrent injury to the airways caused by inhaled irritants such as __________.

Back 66

cigarette smoking

Front 67

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by the presence of a productive cough that lasts for _____ months or more per year for at least _____ years.

Back 67

Three, two

Front 68

Manifestation of COPD charachterized by loss of alveolar function that diminishes lung recoil and weakens expiration. The lung therefore remains partially expanded following expiration, producing air trapping

Back 68

Emphysema

Front 69

Deficiency of this enzyme inhibitor is thought to contribute to emphysema.

Back 69

Alpha-antitripsyn

Front 70

Assessment of emphysema

Back 70

Chronic cough and dyspnea

Pursed-lip breathing with prolonged expiration.

Barrel chest and use of accessory muscles

Hyper resonance on percussion, decreased vocal fremitus on palpation. Distant Breath and heart sounds

Anorexia, Weakness, Muscle loss, Weight loss

Acyantoic until very late in the disease

Front 71

In addition to chronic, productive cough, a 72 yr old woman presents with generalized edema and cyanosis. Does she have chronic bronchitis or emphysema?

Back 71

Chronic bronchitis

Front 72

A 67 year old man Presents with chronic cough and dyspnea at rest. He has a barrel chest and has lost a significant amount of weight in the past year. Does he have chronic bronchitis or emphysema?

Back 72

Emphysema

Front 73

Color of sputum indicating infection

Back 73

Yellow-green/green

Front 74

Low Blood Oxygen levels - saturation < 85%

Back 74

HYPOXEMIA

Front 75

Early symptoms of Hypoxemia

Back 75

Mood changes
Forgetfulness
Inability to concentrate

Front 76

Later signs of hypoxemia

Back 76

Increasing restlessness
Cyanosis

Front 77

Pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply

Back 77

Hypoxia

Front 78

Hypoxia vs. Hypoxemia

In ________, the oxygen concentration within the arterial blood is abnormally low. It is possible with _______ and have a low oxygen content but maintain high oxygen partial pressure (pO2).

Back 78

Hypoxemia, hypoxia

Front 79

The pulmonary diet is high in _______ and _______, and low in ______.

Back 79

High in Calories, protein
Low in carbohydrates

Front 80

Tuberculosis is caused by...

Back 80

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 81

Tuberculosis is spread via ________ transmission.

Back 81

Airborne

Front 82

Populations at risk for tuberculosis

Back 82

HIV
homeless
inner city residents
newborns
drug users
low social economic individuals

Front 83

Diagnostic testing for TB

Back 83

TB skin test
Chest x-ray
Sputum studies

Front 84

The defective gene responsible for CF is located on chromosome ___ and its inheritance is ____________.

Back 84

Chromosome 7
Autosomal recessive inheritance

Front 85

Disease caused by a defective gene which alters a protein that regulates the normal movement of salt in and out of cells, Resulting in thick, sticky secretions in the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as in the reproductive system. It also causes increased salt in sweat on the skin.

Back 85

Cystic fibrosis

Front 86

Diagnostic test for CF. Positive result is Chloride > 60 meq/L

Back 86

Sweat test

Front 87

____________ lung carcinoma is sometimes treated with surgery, while ________ lung carcinoma usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiation.

Back 87

non-small-cell, small cell

Front 88

Partial or complete Upper airway obstruction during sleep resulting in hypoxia

Back 88

Sleep Apnea

Front 89

Treatments for sleep apnea

Back 89

O2 therapy at night (C-PAP)

surgical removal of the uvula, tonsil and obstructive tissues

Front 90

An overweight 42 yr old woman complains of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, headaches, irritability. Her husband says her snoring keeps him awake. Sleep apnea is suspected. What test would confirm?

Back 90

Sleep study using polysomnograhphy equipment

Front 91

Lung Scan is a CT scan used to _________.

Back 91

Measure masses

Front 92

Drawing fluid from pleural space for analysis

Back 92

Thoracentesis

Front 93

Skin testing (scratch tests) can be sued to diagnose....

Back 93

TB, allergies

Front 94

Sputum Culture is collected for...

Back 94

AFB and cytology study

Front 95

Swab to perform test for infection

Back 95

Throat Culture

Front 96

Pulmonary Functions (ABG’s) measure...

Back 96

Ability of lung to perform O2 and CO2 exchange

Front 97

Endoscopic procedure allowing a visual exam of pulmonary system

Back 97

Bronchoscopy

Front 98

Chest X-ray is used to...

Back 98

Visualize lung fields for fluid, masses, fractures, and size of heart

Front 99

Measures capillary O2 concentration

Back 99

Oximetry

Front 100

Tidal Volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity and functional residual capacity are all measures of...

Back 100

Pulmonary functions

Front 101

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate is...

Back 101

Highest point obtained during maximum expiration

Front 102

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate is...

Back 102

Highest point obtained during maximum expiration

Front 103

Frequency of mild persistent athsma

Back 103

Symptoms more than twice a week, but no more than once in a single day

Front 104

Clasification of athsma with symptoms through the day on most days and frequently at night

Back 104

Severe Persistent

Front 105

In mild Intermittent athsma, symptoms are mild and occur up to ________ a week and up to ________ a month

Back 105

up to two days a week and up to two nights a month

Front 106

Athsma with symptoms one a day and more than one night a week

Back 106

Moderate Persistent

Front 107

Symptoms of athsma

Back 107

Sudden dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in the chest, coughing that produces thick, clear, or yellow sputum, tachypnea, rapid pulse, profuse perspiration, diminished breath sounds.

Front 108

Extrinsic/allergic asthma is an _____ mediated response to allergens.

Back 108

IgE

Front 109

Test for asthma

Back 109

Spirometry

Front 110

In addition to avoiding triggers, Asthma is treated with _________ for fast acting relief and _________ for long term control

Back 110

Albuterol, Glucocorticoid

Front 111

Can asthma be inherited?

Back 111

Yes. Asthma is thought to be caused by an interaction of genetic factors and environmental triggers.

Front 112

The classic symptoms of an asthma attack are...

Back 112

shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness

Front 113

Assessment of ARDS

Back 113

Rapid onset of Respiritory distress symptoms after initiating event
Severe shortness of breath
Labored and unusually rapid breathing
Low blood pressure
Confusion and extreme tiredness
Cough or fever, in some cases

Front 114

Conditions in which ARDS can develop

Back 114

Aspiration
Ingestion of narcotics/toxins/therapeutic agents
Infections
Trauma/ shock

Front 115

Classic sign of pulmonary edema

Back 115

Production of pink frothy sputum

Front 116

Pulmonary edema caused by direct damage to the tissue is termed...

Back 116

Non-cardiogenic

Front 117

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is __________, meaning it is the result of inadequate functioning of the heart or circulatory system.

Back 117

Cardiogenic

Front 118

First sign of hypoxia

Back 118

mental deterioration

Front 119

Upnea RR

Back 119

16-20 breaths/min

Front 120

Bradypenia RR

Back 120

< 10 breaths/min

Front 121

Tachypnea RR

Back 121

> 35 breaths/min

Front 122

no respirations for > 16 seconds

Back 122

Apnea

Front 123

Cues for Respiritory distress

Back 123

Eyes:pale, conjuctive cyanotic
Mouth:lips cyanotic or pursed lip breathing
Neck vein distended
Nose flaring
Chest with retractions or asymmetric breathing
Skin: cyanotic or edematous
Finger nailbeds clubbing or cyanotic