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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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explain/list the BMI ranges
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underweight <18.5
normal 18.5-24.9 overweight 25-29.9 obese >30 |
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Calculate BMI
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Obesity = excess body fat resulting from a state of positive energy balance due to...
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calories in > out
(energy intake exceeding energy expenditure) |
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Why is obesity considered a multifactorial condition
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evolutionary genes = "feast and store"
(high caloric food is cheap/available) |
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What are the 3 factors of:
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) |
TEE is based on:
basal metabolic rate (BMR) thermic effect of food (TEF) thermic effect of physical activity (TEPA) |
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Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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minimum energy required for normal physiological functions
(at rest, fasted state) |
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What bodily processes does BMR include?
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Energy needed for vital organs:
Lungs, Integumentary, CNS, Kidney, Liver, Skeleton, Heart, Muscles |
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Why is BMR important in the regulation of energy balance and body composition?
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BMR is 50-75% of TEE
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List the condition under which BMR is measured?
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early morning
overnight fast (10-12hrs) >36 hours after exercise |
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How is BMR measured?
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collect/analyze O2 consumption
(converted to caloric equivalent) |
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According to the Harris-Benedict Equation, what factors influence BMR?
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gender
weight height age |
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What is the Harris-Benedict Equation?
ex: 30yrs, female, 155lbs, 5'4" |
BMR=
655 + (4.35 x 155 lbs) + (4.7 x 65 inches) – (4.7 x 30 yr) 655 + (728.5) + (305.4) – (141) = 1547.9 kcal/day |
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How does sedentary/moderate activity affect BMR?
list all the ranges... ex: 30yrs, female, 155lbs, 5'4" = BMR 1547.9 kcal/day |
Sedentary: 1547.9 x 1.2 =1857.5 kcal/day
Moderately active: 1547.9 x 1.55 =2397.9 kcal/day Difference = 540.5 kcal/day |
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How much weight can the person lose if moderate versus sedentary lifestyle?
ex: 30yrs, female, 155lbs, 5'4" = BMR 1547.9 kcal/day Sedentary: 1547.9 x 1.2 =1857.5 kcal/day Moderately active: 1547.9 x 1.55 =2397.9 kcal/day Difference = 540.5 kcal/day |
(540.5*7)/3500=1.1 lbs/wk
*3500kcal/lbs fat |
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Explain the TEF and how much of the TEE does it usually account for?
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TEF (thermic effect of food)
(calories it takes to process food) TEF ~10% of TEE |
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Which foods have the highest Therogenic Effect?
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Foods high in proteins and “complex carbohydrates” (fresh fruit and vegetables)
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Which foods have the lowest Therogenic Effect?
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Fats and process food have a low TEF
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What accounts for the variability of Thermic Effect of Physical Activity (TEPA)?
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TEPA based on physical/muscular activity
(some people sedentary vs very active) |
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Which two areas of the brain are considered the main controls for energy homeostatsis and the regulation of body weight?
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ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) nucleus
lateral hypothalamus (LH) nucleus |
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What is the satiety center of the brain?
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VMH nucleus is the satiety center
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What is the hunger center of the brain?
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LH nucleus is the hunger center
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Which one (VMH or LH), if stimulated, would cause hyperphagia?
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Stimulation of LH nucleus would cause hyperphagia (over eating or eating more that is needed to support caloric needs)
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Which one (VMH or LH), if stimulated, would cause inhibition of food intake?
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Stimulation of the VMH nucleus would result in inhibition of food intake
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A meal rich in fat or protein stimulates the duodenal mucosa to secrete this hormone. In addition to its effect on the gall bladder (release bile into duodenum) and pancrease (secretion of digestive enzymes), it stimulates the VMH and tells you to “slow down” your intake of food.
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. d. e. |
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Persons who “ob” or “db” genes are homozygously mutated will not make this hormone and will suffer morbid obesity:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. c. d. e. Leptin |
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A Tonic signal:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. c. d. e. Leptin |
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Blood concentrations are lowest shortly after a meal, then rise during the fast prior to the next meal:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a. Ghrelin
b. c. d. e. |
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An episodic signal that stimulates insulin secretion in response to a meal and stimulates the satiety center in the hypothalamus:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. e. |
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Is a “starvation” signal in order to maintain adequate fat stores for survival during times of energy deficit:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. c. d. e. Leptin |
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Is called the hunger hormone because it is produced when the stomach is empty:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a. Ghrelin
b. c. d. e. |
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Similar actions to CCK and GLP-1 in that it inhibits gastric emptying postprandially and suppresses appetite:
a. Ghrelin b. Cholecystokinin (CCK) c. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) d. Peptide YY e. Leptin |
a.
b. c. d. Peptide YY e. |
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What three research findings suggest a genetic component to obesity?
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72% obese children >=1 obese parent
adopted kids correlate with biological parents Monozygotic twins = similar BMIs (compared to dizygotic twins) |
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What demographic data collected since the 1960’s strongly suggests that there are more than just genetics involved obesity within the United States?
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in USA:
dramatic increase of obesity among all cultural backgrounds |
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What is unique about the United States that also established that there is more than just genetics involved in obesity?
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poor = thin
then advent of corn syrup poor = fat |
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In the United States, is there a relationship between socioeconomic level and obesity when considering ALL women?
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high scoioeconomic = low obesity
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In the United States, is there a relationship between socioeconomic level and obesity when considering CAUCASIAN women?
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poor = high obesity
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In the United States, is there a relationship between socioeconomic level and obesity when considering Hispanic/Latino females?
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poor = high obesity
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In the United States, is there a relationship between socioeconomic level and obesity when considering non-Hispanic/African American females?
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no difference
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What ethnicity has the highest poverty rate in the United States?
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Non-Hispanic/African American
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What ethnicity, no matter the age or gender, has the highest prevalence of obesity?
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Non-Hispanic/African American
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What anatomical site should you use to guide you in measuring waist circumference?
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Iliac crest
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With a BMI of 25 to 34.9, at what BMI does waist circumference lose its predictive power?
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A waist circumference greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women
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What BMI is the cut off as the definition of “extreme obesity” and carries with it extremely high disease risk factors?
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BMI>40
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What characteristic of excessive fat/adipose tissue is thought to directly contribute to the cardiovascular and metabolic risks associated with obesity?
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Adipocytokines & Macrophages
*play a significant role in cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors associated with obesity |
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What are the two ways by which exercise increases total body expenditure?
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1. Calories burned by exercise
2. EPOC (excess post exercise consumption) |
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In terms of lifestyle, what must exercise become in order to “keep the weight off”
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daily habit
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Is there any benefit of obese individuals if exercise does not caused a decrease in weight loss?
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Yes
Increased insulin sensitivity; improves blood glucose level |
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What are the two classes of drugs that reduce energy intake?
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Noradrenergic agents
Serotonergic agents |
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What is the common mode of action for drugs that reduce energy intake?
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Induce anorexia; centrally mediated pathway in the hypothalamus
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What are their side effects, of drugs that reduce energy intake, separately and in combination (e.g., fen-phen)?
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Noradrenergic:
-insomnia -anxiety -irritability -headache Serotonergic agents (alone/combination): -valvular heart disease -pulmonary hypertension. |
