Patho Exam 3 Stuff I Don't Know

Front 1

Where does the congestion in congestive heart failure come from?

Back 1

There is excess fluid in the body because of the kidneys so they end filling the body in its extremities and lungs.

Front 2

What exactly causes pulmonary hypertension?

Back 2

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Loss of capillary beds (eg, due to bullous changes in COPD or thrombosis in pulmonary embolism)
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Vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both
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Increased alveolar pressure (eg, in COPD, during mechanical ventilation)
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Medial hypertrophy in arterioles (often a response to pulmonary hypertension due to other mechanisms)

Front 3

What exactly is backward failure?

Back 3

Backward failure represented failure of one of the ventricles to empty the heart properly, such that blood backs up into the venus system causing congestion.

Front 4

What exactly is forward heart failure?

Back 4

Forward failure was characterized by impaired forward movement of blood into the arterial system emerging from the heart.

Front 5

Where does the RV get its blood from?

Back 5

From the Vena Ceva

Front 6

So if you have backward effects from RV failure what happens?

Back 6

The blood gets backed up into the vena ceva and extremities causing swelling and edema.

Front 7

Where does the blood come from for the LV?

Back 7

It comes from the pulmanary system.

Front 8

What happens when you have backward effects of the LV?

Back 8

The blood backs up into the pulmanary system and you get fluid in the lungs.

Front 9

What is another way of saying forward and backward effects?

Back 9

Systole dysfunction-forward effects
Dystole dysfunction- Backward effects

Front 10

Why does the heart walls get bigger and ventricle get smaller volume when we have diastolic dysfunction?

Back 10

It is the hearts way of making up for it, Since the heart can not evacuate enough blood out the chamber the heart basically makes the chamber smaller so it has less blood to pump out and it evacuates more blood that way, but this causes problems in the long run or even not so long run.

Front 11

Why does the ventricle get bigger in cases of systolic dysfunction?

Back 11

The heart is not pumping enough blood into the circulation so one of the ways it makes up for is by getting more blood into the heart so it could pump a greater amount of blood into the circulation, unfortulay this causes the heart to fail beyond repair.

Front 12

What is another name for a smaller ventricular size?

Back 12

Ventricular Hypertrophy, this occurs durring dystolic sysfunction it helps empty the heart properly but causes more systolic problems, and there is still plenty of back up.

Front 13

What happens to the pulmanry system when the In LV failure?

Back 13

Pulmonary congestion, pulmaonary edema, impaired gas exchange, cynosis / signs of hypoxia.

Front 14

What are some of the effexts of RV failure?

Back 14

Congestion of peripherial tissue, dependant edema and ascites. Liver problems, liver congestion sights of impaired liver function. GI tract congestiopn, anorexia, GI distress, Weight loss. This all happens because blood is backed up into the vena ceva and eventually keeps getting back up, Liver filters alot of blood that is why alot of blood gets congested there (it has alot of venus return), as does the extremities and GI thats why those are effected. Weight gain also occurs during this 1pt o fluid accumulation =1 lbs

Front 15

When is a person suffering from Left CHF ussually experience an episode of pulmonary edema?

Back 15

At night, because all of the fluids go and build up in the lungs, this is one of the reasons they use pillows.

Front 16

What are the most common causes of Left CHF?

Back 16

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)and cardiomyopathy (problems with the heart walls). They also may have problems with the Valves aortic and mitral stenosis/ incompatance.

Front 17

What are the two main types of valve problems?

Back 17

stenois valve-sticky valve does not open all the way, increase the amount of work it takes to pump blood out of chamber, if the aortic valve is stenosed the LV will be over worked and enlarged.
Incompetant or regurgitant valve- this makes the heart work harder also.

Front 18

Where do stenosed and incompetent/regurgtant valve ussually occur?

Back 18

It ussual happens in the LV and LA, the mitral and aortic valves.

Front 19

What happens to the chamber if its trying to pump through a reguratant valve and stenosed valve?

Back 19

If the mitral valve is regurgatant the LV will often reguratate into the LA and make it much bigger.
IF the Aortic valve is stenosed it will try to pump through but it wil be hard and when it re-fills the blood will come back into the LV making it bigger.

Front 20

What happens to the heart in a dialated cardiomyopathy?

Back 20

The chambers of the heart greatly increase in size and.

Front 21

What happens to the heart in a hypertrophic cardiomyopthy?

Back 21

The The ventricle walls swell up kinda like in myocarditis but is not related to infection, nor is it related to heart failure, it is idiopathic the heart just starts to hypertrophy

Front 22

What happens in restrictive cardiomyopothy?

Back 22

The mycardium is very rigid and does move some freely.

Front 23

What is the most common form of cardiomyopothy?

Back 23

Dialated cardiomyopothy due to heart failure.

Front 24

What are 2 common forms of COPD that can cause RV failure?

Back 24

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Front 25

What is Pneumonia?

Back 25

Inflamation of the parenchymal structurs of the lung, such as the alveolie and the bronchioles. These are the smaller structures of the lung, not like bronchitis when the bronchi are infected the bronchi are like the branch the aveolie and bronchilies are like leavs.

Front 26

Who does Pnemonia ussaully occur in?

Back 26

Elderly and imunocomprimised

Front 27

What is Pnemonia caused by?

Back 27

Ussually bacteria and infectous agents, there are instances where it is caused by gastric fluids.