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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CD4 T-cells normal range |
500-1600 |
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WBC normal range |
5,000 to 10,000/mcL |
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RBC normal range |
4.2 to 6.2 million/mm3 |
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Hgb in females normal range Hgb in males normal range |
F: 12 to 16 M: 14 to 18 |
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Hct normal range male and female, what is it? |
F- 34-44% M- 38-50% percentage of red blood cells in your blood volume |
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Platelets normal range |
150,000 to 400,000 platelets/mm3 |
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ABG PH normal range |
7.35-7.45 |
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ABG PaC02 normal range |
35-45 mmHg |
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ABG HCO3 normal range |
22 to 28 mEq/L |
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ABG PaO2 normal range |
80 to 100 |
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Leukocytosis def & cause |
Increased WBC above normal range of 10,000
c - infection, surgery, exercise, anesthesia, all are normal processes |
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Leukopenia def & common causes |
WBC level below normal range, below 5,000, body is more prone to infection
c- radiation, anaphylaxis, chemo, autoimmune or immunodeficiency
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Active natural immunity def, example |
normal virus infection, where body learns to fight it Ex) immunity gained from fighting chickenpox |
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Active artificial immunity |
vaccination of dead or weakened pathogen |
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Passive natural immunity |
breastmilk or placental passing of antibodies |
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Passive artificial immunity |
transfusions of antibodies from another person ex) immunoglobulin transfusion |
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What is HIV? How does HIV pt get diagnosed with AIDs? |
infection of HIV virus, dx with ELISA and Western Blot AIDS is when the body acquires infections due to lack of CD4 t cells, and a weakened immune system |
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How do we monitor HIV progression in patients? |
CD4 levels (should be above 500) and viral load (should be 0) |
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Leukemia pathophysiology. S/s, treatment, dx |
uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal & ineffective WBC's that overcrowd the bone marrow, reducing production of RBC's & platelets
s/s - anemia symptoms, increase in infections, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, pancytopenia, bleeding TX- chemo
dx - bone marrow biopsy |
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What is pancytopenia? When does it happen? |
RBC's WBC's, hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelet levels are all low
caused by chemotherapy, hepatitis, other viruses such as HIV, lupus, in sepsis |
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What is thrombocytopenia? |
low platelets |
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Common S/s of anemia |
Fatigue and weakness hypoxia dizziness or light-headed Pale, cool skin tachycardia and palpitations, angina low BP |
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RBC formation process. What is made where? |
The kidney secretes erythropoetin which stimulates RBC production after traveling to the bone marrow |
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What causes sickle cell anemiA? What are distinguishable s/s? Triggers? Treatment? |
-autosomal recessive inheritance, RBC's change to an S shape that increases clot formation and is inactive in transportation of O2 triggers - hypoxia, cold, stress, dehydration, infection s/s - clots, pain, anemia symptoms -dx with electrophoresis showing hemoglobin S -treat symptoms to reverse triggers -cured with bone marrow transplant |
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What is the process of DIC? Treatment? Who is most at risk? |
widespread coagulation due to tissue factor release causing clots, then widespread bleeding because tissue factor has run out s/s - widespread bleeding, bruising, hypovolemic shock, multisystem organ failure, super high D dimer v poor prognosis |
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Thrombus emboli |
detached blood clot s/s - pain, tachypnea or tachycardia, swelling, warmth at site, possible SOB/stroke/MI dx - D-dimer, doppler or CAT scan tx - anticoagulants or surgical removal |
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Mono s/s, pathophysiology, treatment, dx |
Epstein-Barr virus attacks B-lymphocytes & causes their abnormal proliferation s/s - fatigue, swollen & painful lymph nodes, fever and headache dx - mono-spot antibody test, increased WBC's treat with rest |
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Polycythemia Vera cause, patho, s/s, treatment |
Bone marrow cancer causing overproduction of RBC's and thickening of the blood s/s - Red, ruddy face, headache, hypervolemia, and possible clots/stroke, HTN, spleen and liver enlarged treat with phlebotomy |
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Virchow's Triad |
three risk factors for thrombosis 1 - stasis of bloodflow (a-fib, lack of ambulation) 2 - intravascular wall damage (HTN, injury) 3 - hypercoagulability (genetics, trauma, contraceptives, obesity, smoking, etc) |
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Multiple myeloma dx, s/s, treatment |
-overgrowth of B-lymphocytes causing excess antibody production, which clogs vessels and can damage bones s/s - pathological fractures and bone pain, fatigue, anemia -dx: plasma cells present in bone marrow, bone lesions and bone thinning on x-ray -treat with chemotherapy, non-curable |
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Pleural effusion s/s, cause, treatment |
excessive fluid in the pleural space, results in pressure on lungs and decreased perfusion dx with chest x-ray tx - a thoracentesis and pathology of fluid can indicate the cause, antibiotics possibly |
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Pleural effusion patho, s/s, treatment |
excessive fluid in the pleural space, results in pressure on lungs and decreased perfusion
dx with chest x-ray
tx - a thoracentesis and pathology of fluid can indicate the cause, antibiotics possibly |
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t-lymphocyte (cell-mediated) |
destroy pathogens that are in the CELLS don't make antibodies, but they lysis the infected cell directly and CANCER CELLS make 4 different types of cells T cells killer - direct lysis of pathogen memory T cells helper - stimulate T & B cells, CD4 cells suppressor - prevent hypersensitivity |
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B-lymphocyte (humoral) |
destroy pathogens in the blood & lymph makes plasma cells that produce antibodies, AND makes memory B cells for future infection |
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what occurs during anaphylaxis? treatment? |
hypersensitivity to allergen inflammation occurs systemically (whole body vasodilation, inc vascular permeability) with bronchoconstriction, low blood pressure, possible LOC due to low perfusion s/s hives, itchy throat, dyspnea treat with epi (vasoconstriction) and benadryl (antihistamine to prevent inflammatory response) |
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systemic lupus erythmatosus |
chronic multisystem inflamm disease of the connective tissue, where antigen-antibody complexes cause inlammation and organ dysfunction |
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iron deficiency anemia cause, s/s, tx |
c - bleeding, nutrition, malabsorption, pregnancy
s/s - classic anemia, brittle spooned nails, PICA
tx - treat bleed, oral supp, iv infusion |
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pernicious anemia cause, s/s, dx, tx |
cause: genetic, or damage to stomach from surgery or alcoholism - lack of intrinsic factor so body can't absorb B12 which is required for RBC prod s/s - beefy red tongue, classic anemia, and neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling in extremities/memory problems dx - Schilling test tx - injections of B12 |
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claudication definition |
pain in legs from too little blood flow |
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platelets |
produced in marrow (are not cells), 4 steps in their process 1 - induce vasoconstriction 2- form a platelet plug with others 3- activate a fibrin clotting cascade 4 - initiate repair process for clot dissolution |
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hemophilia |
hereditary, x-linked clotting disorder clotting is slower resulting in prolonged bleeding |
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pneumothorax def, dx, tx (tension causes what) |
air entering pleural cavity resulting in collapsed lung due to pressure change tension pneumo can result in a mediastinal shift where pressure is put on the heart itself, can be deadly dx with xray tx with chest tube |
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atelectasis definition |
collapse of a partial or full lung tissue, common after surgery risk factors are prolonged bedrest, lack of deep breathing or underlying lung disease |
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pulmonary edema (3 causes, dx, cx, s/s) |
excess fluid in lung tissues interstitial space -CAD causes L ventricular dysfx then increased hydrostatic P of lung vasculature, forcing water out -injury to endothelium of lungs causes increased cap perm in lungs -lymph blockage causes inability to remove fluid from interstitial space s/s - crackles, dull percussion, hypoxemia, pink frothy sputum, orthopnea tx - diuretics, possible heart meds |
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pulmonary edema (3 causes, dx, tx, s/s) |
excess fluid in lung tissues interstitial space
-CAD causes L ventricular dysfx then increased hydrostatic P of lung vasculature, forcing water out -injury to endothelium of lungs causes increased cap perm in lungs -lymph blockage causes inability to remove fluid from interstitial space
s/s - crackles, dull percussion, hypoxemia, pink frothy sputum, orthopnea
tx - diuretics, possible heart meds
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What happens in and what are some possible causes for RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS |
... respiratory depression due to anesthetics, opiates electrolyte imbalance head trauma inadequate chest expansion obesity airway obstruction |
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What happens in and what are some possible causes for METABOLIC ALKALOSIS |
... antacids, base administration (sodium bicard, TPN, blood transfusion) vomiting, NG tube suctioning thiazide diuretics |
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What happens in and what are some possible causes for METABOLIC ACIDOSIS |
... DKA, starvation, heavy exercise seizures, fever hypoxia, sepsis, shock acid ingestion renal failure diarrhea cardiac arrest |
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hyperkalemia causes what to happen to blood pH? |
decrease, causing acidosis |
