Patho Exam 1 (Study This One)

Front 1

NAME
this is a reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury

Back 1

inflammation

Front 2

NAME
this is the most common an immune response to infectious microorganisms

Back 2

inflammation

Front 3

what is the most common immune response to infectious mircoorganisms?

Back 3

inflammation

Front 4

inflammation is the most common immune response to (1)

Back 4

infectious microbes

Front 5

what is apoptosis?

Back 5

is programmed cell death

Front 6

NAME
this is programmed cell death

Back 6

apotosis

Front 7

what is ischemia?

Back 7

is deficit of O2 in the cells

Front 8

NAME
this is a deficit of O2 in the cells

Back 8

ischemia

Front 9

what is hypoxia?

Back 9

reduced oygyen in the tissue

Front 10

NAME
this is reduced O2 in the tissue

Back 10

hypoxia

Front 11

what does "hypo"mean?

Back 11

lower or less

Front 12

What does hyper mean?

Back 12

high or more

Front 13

what is the differ btwn hyper and hypo?

Back 13

(1)hyper=high or more (2)hypo-less or lwoer

Front 14

what is lysis?

Back 14

refers when the cell bursts

Front 15

NAME
this refers to when the cell bursts

Back 15

lysis

Front 16

what is inflammation?

Back 16

refers to swelling, redness, and pain

Front 17

NAME
this refers to swelling, redness, and pain

Back 17

inflammation

Front 18

what is necrosis?

Back 18

is when a group of cells die

Front 19

NAME
this refers to when a group of cells die

Back 19

necrosis

Front 20

what is gangrene?

Back 20

refers to area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Front 21

NAME
this refers to an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

Back 21

gangerene

Front 22

what are the body's (3)lines of defense?

Back 22

(1)skine or mucous membrane (2)non-specfic processes such as phagocytosis and inflammation (3)immune system

Front 23

what is phagocytosis?

Back 23

is the process by which neuotrophils and marcophages engulf/digest bacteria/cell debris, or foriegn matter

Front 24

nAME
this is the process by which neutrophils and marcophages engulf/digest bacteria/cell debris or foreign matter

Back 24

phagosytosis

Front 25

what are marcophages?

Back 25

they engulf and destory bacteira, cell debris, and foreign matter

Front 26

NAME
these cells engulf and destory bacteria and cell debris and foreign matter

Back 26

marcophages

Front 27

what are interferons?

Back 27

are non-specfic agents that protect uninfected cells againast viruses

Front 28

NAME
these are non-specfic agents that protect uninfected cells against virsuses

Back 28

interferons

Front 29

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (5)

Back 29

(1)redness (2)warmth (3)edema (4)pain (5)loss of function

Front 30

NAME
the five cardinal signs of this include redness, warmth, edema, pain and loss of function

Back 30

inflammation

Front 31

what is edema?

Back 31

refers to swellling

Front 32

NAME
this refers to swelling

Back 32

edema

Front 33

what is exudate?

Back 33

refesr to the collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area

Front 34

NAME
this refers to the colllection of interstitiial fuild formed in the inflammed area

Back 34

exudate

Front 35

what is malaise?

Back 35

feeling unwell

Front 36

NAME
this refers to feeling unwell

Back 36

malaise

Front 37

what is leukocytosis?

Back 37

incraesed WBC

Front 38

NAME
this refers to increased WBC

Back 38

leukocyotisis

Front 39

what does WBC stand for?q

Back 39

white blood cells

Front 40

what does ESR stand for?

Back 40

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Front 41

what is pyrexia?

Back 41

low grade fever

Front 42

NAME
this refers to low grade fever

Back 42

pyrexia

Front 43

NAME
this refers to a phagocytic cell

Back 43

marcophages

Front 44

NAME
this is a small mass of cells w a ncrotic centera and covered by connective tissue

Back 44

granuloma

Front 45

what is granuloma?

Back 45

is a small mass of cells w a nectroic centra and covered by connective tissue

Front 46

what are (3)differ type of healing?

Back 46

(1)resolution (2)regeneration (3)replaceemnt (scar tissue)

Front 47

what is collagen?

Back 47

is a protient that is a basic compoenet of scar tissue

Front 48

NAME
this is a protien that is a basic component of scar tissue

Back 48

collagen

Front 49

what is a contracture?

Back 49

a condition in which the joint;s movement is restricted--maybe restulting in fixation and deformity of the joint

Front 50

NAME
this is a condition in which the joint's movement is restricted--maybe restulting in fixation and deformity of the joint

Back 50

contracture

Front 51

what is stenosis?

Back 51

narrowing of structures from skrinkage of scar tissue

Front 52

NAME
this is the narrowing of structures from skinkage of scar tissue

Back 52

stenosis

Front 53

what are adhesions?

Back 53

are bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separtated

Front 54

NAME
these are bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separted

Back 54

adhesions

Front 55

what are the differ types of burns? (30

Back 55

(1)partial thickness burns (2)deep partial thickness burns (3)full thickness burns

Front 56

partial thickness burns are also called (1)

Back 56

first degree burn

Front 57

(1)burns are also called first degree burn

Back 57

partial thickness burns

Front 58

(1)are also called 2nd degree burn

Back 58

deep partial thickness burns

Front 59

deep partial thickness burns are also called (1)

Back 59

2nd degree burns

Front 60

full thickness burns are also called (1)

Back 60

3 and 4 degree burns

Front 61

(1)are also called 3 and 4th degree burns

Back 61

full thickness burns

Front 62

what is a partial thickness burn?

Back 62

burns that involvethe epidermis and part of the dermis

Front 63

NAME
this type of burn invovlves the epidermis and part of the dermis

Back 63

partial thickness burn

Front 64

what is the deep partial thickness burn?

Back 64

burn that involves the dstruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis

Front 65

NAME
this type of burn involves the destruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis

Back 65

partial thickness burn

Front 66

what is full thickness burn?

Back 66

involves the destruction of all skin layers and underlying tissues

Front 67

NAME
this type of burn involves the destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues

Back 67

full thickness burns

Front 68

what are some effects of burns on an indvl? (5)

Back 68

(1)they go into shock (2) have respiratory problems (3)pain (4)infection (5)metabolic needs

Front 69

T or F'
the growth of children is affected during the acute stage of a burn

Back 69

true

Front 70

what are antigens?

Back 70

are forgien substances

Front 71

NAME
these are foreign substances

Back 71

antigens

Front 72

Macrophages develops from (1)

Back 72

monocytes

Front 73

(1)deleveop from monocytes

Back 73

marcophages

Front 74

T cells arise from (11)

Back 74

stem cells

Front 75

NAME
these arrive from stem cells

Back 75

T cells

Front 76

Where do T cells come from?

Back 76

stem cells

Front 77

what are (2)kinds of lymphocytes?

Back 77

(1)T lymophyctes (2)B lymphocytes

Front 78

T cells stand for (1)

Back 78

T lymphocytes

Front 79

NAME
these cells reproduce to create an army to battale the invader and they also activate other cells of their kind

Back 79

T cells

Front 80

Draw a picture of the course of inflammation and healing

Back 80

see page 27

Front 81

Draw a picture of the course of inflammation and healing

Back 81

see page 27

Front 82

what is fibrosis?

Back 82

scar tissue

Front 83

NAME
this refers to scar tissue

Back 83

fibrosis

Front 84

how does the body respond to a acute inflammation?

Back 84

release chemical mediators that do the following (1)vasodilation and increased blood flow (2)increased capillary permeability (3)chemotaxis or WBC traveling to the area(4)irriation of nerve endings

Front 85

in a acute inflammation what causes the hot, red?

Back 85

vasodilation and increased blood flow

Front 86

in a acute inflammation, what causes the edema?

Back 86

increased capillary permeability

Front 87

NAME
when this happens, this is an increased number of WBCs

Back 87

inflammation

Front 88

what is antibody?

Back 88

specfic protien produced in humoral response to bind w antigen

Front 89

NAME
this is a specific protien produced in humoral response to bind w an antigen

Back 89

antibody

Front 90

what is an autoantibody?

Back 90

refers to antibodies that attack its own body's tissues

Front 91

NAME
these are antibodies that attack their own tissue

Back 91

autoantibody

Front 92

NAME
this is the site of maturation and profiliferation of T cells

Back 92

thymus

Front 93

what is thymus?

Back 93

is where T cells come from

Front 94

what is the bone marrow?

Back 94

source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes

Front 95

NAME
this is a source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes

Back 95

bone marrow

Front 96

what are the differ kinds of white blood cells? (4)

Back 96

(1)neutrophils (2)basophils (3)eosinophils (4)monocytes (5)

Front 97

what are the differ kinds of white blood cells? (4)

Back 97

(1)neutrophils (2)basophils (3)eosinophils (4)monocytes (5)

Front 98

NAME
these include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Back 98

white blood cells

Front 99

NAME
these are humoral immunity activitated cell that become an antibody producing plasma cell or a B memory cell

Back 99

B lymphocytes

Front 100

what are plasma cells?

Back 100

develop from B lymphocytes and secrete specfic antibodies

Front 101

NAME
these cells develop from B lymphocytes and secrete specific antibodies

Back 101

plasma cells

Front 102

Killer T cells are also called (1)

Back 102

cytotoxic

Front 103

(1)are also called cytotoxic

Back 103

killer T cells

Front 104

what are killer T cells?

Back 104

destroy antigens, cancer cells, and virus infected cells

Front 105

NAME
these cells destroy antigens, cencer cells, and virus infected cells

Back 105

killer T cells

Front 106

what are memory T cells?

Back 106

remember antigen and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure

Front 107

NAME
these remeber antigen and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure

Back 107

memory T cells

Front 108

what are helper T cells?

Back 108

activate B and T cells and control or limit specfic immune response

Front 109

NAME
these activate B and T cells and control or limit specific immune response

Back 109

helper T cells

Front 110

what are NK lymphocytes?

Back 110

natural killer cells destory foreign cells, virus infected cells, and cancer cells

Front 111

NAME
these are natural killer cells, destroy foreign cells, virus infected cells, and cancer cel

Back 111

NK lymphocytes

Front 112

what are complement?

Back 112

assist in the release of other mediators

Front 113

NAME
this is a group of inactive protiens in circulation that when activated stimulat the release of other chemical modulaters, promoting inflamation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Back 113

complement

Front 114

what is histamine?

Back 114

this is released from mast cells and basophils particullar during allergic reactions....causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability or edema, and contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and pruritius

Front 115

NAME
this is released from mast cells and basophils particullar during allergic reactions....causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability or edema, and contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and pruritius

Back 115

histamine

Front 116

what is prostaglandins/

Back 116

is a group of lipds w varying effects that include causing inflammation, vasodilation, and increased permeability, and pain

Front 117

NAME
these are a a group of lipds w varying effects that include causing inflammation, vasodilation, and increased permeability, and pain

Back 117

prostaglandins

Front 118

what are kinins?

Back 118

cause vasoldilation, increased permeabiltiy and pain

Front 119

NAME
these cause vasodilation, increased, permeability and pain

Back 119

kinins

Front 120

what are chemotactic factors?

Back 120

attract phaocytes to area of inflammation

Front 121

NAME
these attract phagocytes to the area of inflammation

Back 121

chemotactic factors

Front 122

what are mast cells?

Back 122

release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue

Front 123

NAME
these release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue

Back 123

mast cells

Front 124

what is a titer?

Back 124

measure of secpfic antibodies

Front 125

NAMe
this is a measure of specfic antibodies

Back 125

titer

Front 126

what are the differ ways to acquire immunity?

Back 126

natural (2)artificial (3)innate

Front 127

what is natural immunity?

Back 127

means immunity is species specfic

Front 128

NAMe
this means that immunity is species specfic

Back 128

natural immunity

Front 129

what is innate immunity?

Back 129

immunity that is gene specfic

Front 130

NAME
this refers to immunity that is gene specfic

Back 130

innate immunity

Front 131

what are the (2)steps in a immune response?

Back 131

(1)primary response-person is exposed to antigen, the antigen is recoginzed and processed and antibodies are produced to fight the antigen (2)secondary response-the body is exposed to the same antigen again, memory cells stimulate production of a large number of matching antigens or T cells

Front 132

NAME
this means to change slighlty over time

Back 132

matutate

Front 133

what is four ways that immunity is acquired? (4)

Back 133

(1)active natural immunity (2)active artificial immunity (3)passive natural immunity (4)passive artificial immunity

Front 134

NAME
this can be acquired in 4 ways=active natural, active artifical, passive natural, or passive artificial

Back 134

immunity

Front 135

what is natural immunity?

Back 135

develops when someone is exposed directly exposed to an antigen

Front 136

NAME
this develops when someone is exposed direclty exposed to an antigen

Back 136

natural immunity

Front 137

what is artificial immunity?

Back 137

this develops when a specific antigen is purposefully introduced into the body stimulating the production of antibodies

Front 138

what is eczema?

Back 138

is a chronic skin condition/skin rash that occurs bc of a food, irritating fabric or dry atmosphere

Front 139

NAME
this is a chronic conidtion/skin rash that occurs bc of allergic reaction a food, irritating fabric or dry atmosphere

Back 139

eczema

Front 140

what is type II hypersensitivity?

Back 140

is when antigen is present on the cell membrane and the body produces antibodies that destory it causing destruction of the cell

Front 141

NAME
this is when antigen is present on the cell membrane and the body produces antibodies that destroy it causing destruction of the cell

Back 141

type II hypersensitivity

Front 142

Give an example of type II hypersensitivity?

Back 142

response to a incompatible blood transfusion

Front 143

NAME
an example of this a response to an incompatible blood transfusion

Back 143

type II hypersensitivity

Front 144

what is type III-immune complex hypersensitivity?

Back 144

is when the antigen combines w the antibody forming a complex that causes inflammation and tissue destruction

Front 145

NAME
this type of immunity is when the antigen combines w the antibody forming a complex that causes inflammation and tissue destruction

Back 145

type III immune complex hypersensitviity

Front 146

Give an example of type III immune complex hypersensitivity?

Back 146

RA

Front 147

NAME
ex of this type of hypersensitivity is RA

Back 147

type III--immmune complex hypersensitivity

Front 148

what are autoimmune disorders?

Back 148

is when indvls develop antibodies that attack their own indvl tissues

Front 149

NAME
this is when indvls develop antibodies that attack their own indvl tissue

Back 149

autoimmune disorders

Front 150

what does SLE stand for?

Back 150

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Front 151

what is SLE?

Back 151

a chronic inflammatory disease that affects a number of systems

Front 152

NAME
this is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects a number of systems

Back 152

SLE

Front 153

what is the hallmark of SLE?

Back 153

the butterfly rash

Front 154

NAME
the hallmark of this is the "butterfly rash:

Back 154

SLE

Front 155

what ist he butterfly rash?

Back 155

facial rash across the checks, and nose resembling the markings of a wolf

Front 156

NAME
this refers to a facial rash across the cheks, and nose resembling the markings of a wolf

Back 156

butterfly rash

Front 157

what is hypogammaglobulineamia?

Back 157

low antibody levels of a B cell deficit

Front 158

what is the retrovirus?

Back 158

a virus that contains RNA

Front 159

NAME
this is a virus that contains RNA

Back 159

retrovirus

Front 160

what kinds of virus is HIV?

Back 160

retrovirus

Front 161

HIV is a (1)virus

Back 161

retrovirus

Front 162

what does HIV stand for?

Back 162

human immunodeficiency virus

Front 163

what part of the immune sytems does HIV primarly effect?

Back 163

the CD4 T-helper lymphocytes

Front 164

NAME
this disease primarly effects the CD4 T-helper lymphocytes

Back 164

HIV

Front 165

what are (3)types of bacertia?

Back 165

bacilli (2)spirals (3)cocci

Front 166

NAME
this include bacilli, spirals, and cocci

Back 166

bacteria

Front 167

what is bacteira?

Back 167

are unicelluar organisms that do not require living tissue to survive

Front 168

NAME
these are unicellular organisms that do not require living tissue to survive

Back 168

bacteria

Front 169

what is virus?

Back 169

very small obligate intracelluar parasite that requires a living host cell for replication

Front 170

NAME
this is a very small obilgate intracelluar parasite that requires a living host cell for replication

Back 170

virus

Front 171

what is resident flora?

Back 171

natural bacteria on the body

Front 172

NAME
this refers to natural bacteria on the body

Back 172

resident flora

Front 173

what are some additional ways to prevent transmission of diseases? (4)

Back 173

(1)cleaning (2)sterlization (3)disinfects (4)antiseptics

Front 174

NAME
these are chemicals that are applied to skin that do not usually cause damage such as isopropyl alcholol 70%

Back 174

antiseptics

Front 175

what are leukocytosis?

Back 175

increase in WBCs

Front 176

NAME
this is a increase in WBCs

Back 176

leukocytosis

Front 177

what are some mode of actions that antibacterial drugs work? (4)

Back 177

(1)interference w bacterial cell wall synthesis (2)increased permeability of the bacterial cell membrane (3)interfere w protien synthesis (4)interfere w the synthesis of essential metabolities

Front 178

what are the formed elements of the blood ? (3)

Back 178

(1)erythrocytes (2)leukocytes (3)thrombocytes

Front 179

NAME
these include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Back 179

formed elemenets of the blood

Front 180

what are erythrocytes?

Back 180

are RBCs

Front 181

NAME
these are jst RBCs

Back 181

erythrocytes

Front 182

what does RBCs stand for?

Back 182

red blood cells

Front 183

what are leukocytes?

Back 183

WBCs

Front 184

NAME
these are jst WBC

Back 184

leukocytes

Front 185

what are thrombocytes?

Back 185

are platelets

Front 186

NAME
this is jst platelets

Back 186

thrombocytes

Front 187

where do erythrocytes come from?

Back 187

the red bone marrow

Front 188

NAME
these are produced by the red bone marrow, are shaped like doughnots, and contain hemoglobin

Back 188

erythrocytes

Front 189

what is hemoglobin?

Back 189

is iron containing pigment that transports O2

Front 190

NAME
this is an iron containing pigment that transports O2 from the lungs to body tissue

Back 190

hemoglobin

Front 191

what is the function of leukocytes?

Back 191

to protect the body against harmful bacteria

Front 192

what is the function of leukocytes?

Back 192

to protect the body against harmful bacteria

Front 193

NAME
these protect the body against harmful bacteria

Back 193

erythrocytes

Front 194

what is the function of thrombocytes?

Back 194

play an important role in the clotting of the blood

Front 195

NAME
these play an important role in the clotting of the blood

Back 195

thrombocytes

Front 196

what are the differ kinds of leukocytes? (5)

Back 196

(1)Neutrophils (2)Basophils (3)Eosinophils (4)lymphocytes (5)monocytes

Front 197

NAME
these are jst WBCs

Back 197

leukocytes

Front 198

NAME
these are jst RBCs

Back 198

erthrocytes

Front 199

NAME
these are jst platelets

Back 199

thrombocytes

Front 200

what are leukocytes?

Back 200

WBCs

Front 201

what are erythrocytes?

Back 201

RBCs

Front 202

what are thrombocytes?

Back 202

platelets

Front 203

what are the differ kinds of leukocytes? (5)

Back 203

(1)Neutrophils (2)Basophils (3)Eosinophils (4)lymphocytes (5)monocytes

Front 204

NAME
these include (1)Neutrophils (2)Basophils (3)Eosinophils (4)lymphocytes (5)monocytes

Back 204

Leukocytes

Front 205

what is the most common type of leukocytes?

Back 205

neutrophils

Front 206

NAME
this is the most common type of leukocyte

Back 206

neutrophils

Front 207

NAME
these are the smallest formed elements in the blood

Back 207

thrombocytes

Front 208

NAME
these cells (be specfic) are elevated as an indication of bacterial infection

Back 208

neutrophils

Front 209

what are neutrophils?

Back 209

fight infection by phagocyotisis

Front 210

NAME
these WBCs fight infection by phagocytosis

Back 210

neutrophils

Front 211

what are basophils?

Back 211

are responsible for the symptoms of allergies

Front 212

NAME
these WBCs are responsible for the symptoms of allergies

Back 212

Basophils

Front 213

what are Eosinohpils?

Back 213

they destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reaction

Front 214

NAME
these WBCs destroy parasicitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reaction

Back 214

Eosinophils

Front 215

what are lymphocytes?

Back 215

have an important role in protecting the body against disase

Front 216

NAME (2)
these WBCs have an important role in protecting the body against disease

Back 216

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 217

what are monocytes?

Back 217

have an important role in proctecting the body against disaes

Front 218

what are platelets?

Back 218

when the blood vessels are activitated these cells are activated and become sticky..this action causes the platelets to clump together to form a clot that stops the bleeding

Front 219

NAME
these when the blood vessels are activitated these cells are activated and become sticky..this action causes the platelets to clump together to form a clot that stops the bleeding

Back 219

platelets or thrombocytes

Front 220

NAME (be specfic)
an elevated count of these cells usually indicates a chronic infection

Back 220

monocytes

Front 221

an elevated count of monocytes usally indicates a (1)

Back 221

chronic infection

Front 222

an elevated count of neutrophils usually indicates a (1)

Back 222

bacterial infection

Front 223

NAME
this is a reaction of vascularized tissue to local injury

Back 223

inflammation

Front 224

what are (2)kinds of inflammatioN?

Back 224

acute (2)chronic

Front 225

what is acute inflammatioN?

Back 225

last for few mins to several days

Front 226

NAME
this type of inflammation lasts for a few days to several days

Back 226

acute inflammation

Front 227

What is chronic inflammation?

Back 227

lasts from days to years

Front 228

NAMe
this type of inflammation can last from days to years

Back 228

chronic inflammation

Front 229

if you overwork someone w a chronic or inflammation you can trigger a(1)

Back 229

acute inflammation

Front 230

what are some vascular changes that go on when someone has a acute inflammation? (6)

Back 230

(1)momentary vasoconstriction (2)vasodilation of the arteriolies and venules that supply the area (3)this causes the area to become congested--red,warm (4)increase in capillary permeability which causes fluid to move into the tissues (5)as fluid moves out of the capillaries, stagnation of flow and clotting of blood in small capillaries occur --thus aiding in localizing the spread of the infectious microbes (6)pattern of response depends on the severity

Front 231

what are some cellular changes that occur when someone has an acute inflammation? (3)

Back 231

(1)chemical mediators are released into the blood causing vasodilation (2)cytokines send messages to the lymphocytes and marcophages or the hypothalamus to induce fever (3)movment of Neutrophils into the area of injury

Front 232

what are some chemical mediators that are released when someone has an inflammation?(4)

Back 232

(1)histamine (2)serotonin (3)prostaglandins (4)leukotrienes

Front 233

NAME
these are released when their is acute inflammation--histamine, serotonin, prostagladins, and leukotrienes

Back 233

chemical mediators

Front 234

NAME
these are larger and live longer than granculocytes

Back 234

monocytes/marcophages

Front 235

Moncoytes mature into (1)

Back 235

marcophages

Front 236

(1)mature into marcophages

Back 236

monocytes

Front 237

NAME
these mature into marcophages

Back 237

monocytes

Front 238

NAME
these arrive at the inflammatory site w.in 24 hours. by 48 hours they are the predominant cell types at the site.

Back 238

monocytes/marcophages

Front 239

how quickly does it take for marocphages/monocytes to arrive to the site of injury?

Back 239

24 hours

Front 240

what are the characteristics of an acute inflammation? (6)

Back 240

(1)immediate (2)evoked by injury/goal is to remove infurious agent (3)occurs before a full immune system response (4)limits the extent of tissue damage (5)cardial signs-redness, swelling, heat pain and loss of function (6)addition signs include fever, malaise, headache and loss of appetite

Front 241

what are the cardinal signs of an acute inflammation? (5)

Back 241

(1)redness (2)swelling (3)heat (4)pain (5)loss of functioning

Front 242

what are some types of chemical mediators? (7)

Back 242

(1)complement (2)histamine (3)kinins (4)prostaglandins (5)leukotrienes (6)cytokines (7)chemotactic factors

Front 243

what are some types of chemical mediators? (7)

Back 243

(1)complement (2)histamine (3)kinins (4)prostaglandins (5)leukotrienes (6)cytokines (7)chemotactic factors

Front 244

NAME
these include (1)complement (2)histamine (3)kinins (4)prostaglandins (5)leukotrienes (6)cytokines (7)chemotactic factors

Back 244

chemical mediators

Front 245

what is complement?

Back 245

assist in the release of other mediators

Front 246

NAME
these assist in the release of other mediators

Back 246

complement

Front 247

what is histamine?

Back 247

causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and contraction of the broncholar smooth muscles

Front 248

NAME
causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and contraction of the broncholar smooth muscles

Back 248

histamine

Front 249

what are kinins?

Back 249

cause vasodilation, increased permeabiltiy and pain

Front 250

NAME (2)
these chemical mediators cause
vasodilation, increased permeabiltiy, and pain

Back 250

kinins and prostaglandins

Front 251

what are prostaglandins?

Back 251

cause vasodilation, increased permeabiltiy and pain

Front 252

what are leukotrienes?

Back 252

cause the contraction of bronchiolar, smooth muscle, and help w the development of inflammation

Front 253

NAME
this chemical mediator causes the contraction of bronchiolar, smooth muscle, and helps w the development of inflammation

Back 253

leukotrienes

Front 254

what are cytokines?

Back 254

they stimulate communication btwn cells

Front 255

NAME
these chemical mediators stimulate communication btwn cells

Back 255

cytokines

Front 256

what are chemotactic factors?

Back 256

they attract phagocytes to the area

Front 257

NAME
these chemical mediators attract phagocytes to the area

Back 257

chemotactic factors

Front 258

what are some local manifestations of inflammation? (4)

Back 258

(1)local inflammation (2)suppuration (2)exudate formation (4)ulceration

Front 259

what is suppuration?

Back 259

is the development of suppurative or purulent exudate containing degraded neutrophils and tissue debris

Front 260

NAME
this is the development of suppurative or purulent exudate containing degraded neutrophils and tissue debris

Back 260

suppuration

Front 261

what is serous exudate?

Back 261

refers to watery fluid usally due to an allergic reaction or burns

Front 262

NAMe
this refers to watery fluid in a inflammed area usally due to an allergic reaction or burn

Back 262

serous exudate

Front 263

what is fibrinous exudate?

Back 263

thick pus usally increased bc of scar

Front 264

NAME
this refers to thick pus increased bc of scar

Back 264

fibrinous exudate

Front 265

what is pururlent exudate?

Back 265

thick, yellow green pus containing more leukocytes and cell debris

Front 266

NAME
this refers to thick yellow green pus containing more leukocytes and cell debris

Back 266

purulent exudate

Front 267

what are (2)kinds of purulent exudate?

Back 267

(1)abcess (2)hemorrhagic

Front 268

NAME
2 kinds of this include abcess and hemorrhagic

Back 268

purulent exudate

Front 269

what is abcess?

Back 269

is a localized pocket purulent exudate or pus around a solid tissue such as tooth

Front 270

NAME
this is a localized purlent exudate or pus around a solid tissue such as a tooth

Back 270

abcess

Front 271

what is hemorrhagic?

Back 271

refers to a blood exudate caused by damage blood vessels

Front 272

NAME
this refers to epithelial surface that has become necrotic and eroded due to trauamtic injury or vascular compromise

Back 272

ulceration

Front 273

what is the sepsis?

Back 273

major infection in either urine or blood

Front 274

NAME
this is a major infection in either the urine or the blood

Back 274

sepsis

Front 275

what is the acute phase of sepsis and septic shock? (5)

Back 275

(1)plasma protein changes (2)increase sedimentation rate (3)increase WBCs (4)fever (5)skeletal muscle catabolism

Front 276

NAME
the acute phage of this includes (1)plasma protein changes (2)increase sedimentation rate (3)increase WBCs (4)fever (5)skeletal muscle catabolism

Back 276

spesis and septic shock

Front 277

What is one things OTs can do to prevent scaring?

Back 277

massaging of the tissue

Front 278

what are some characteristics of chronic inflammation? (2)

Back 278

(1)inflitraction of marcophages and lymphocytes instead of neutrophils (2)proliferation of fibroblasts rather than exudates-(increased risk for scaring

Front 279

NAMe
some characteristics of this include inflitiration of marcophages and lymphocytes instead of neutrophils and proliferation of fibroblasts rather than exudates

Back 279

chronic inflammation

Front 280

what are some agents that can evoke a chronic inflammation? (7)

Back 280

(1)talc (2)slicia (3)abestos (4)surgical materials (5)Tubercle basillus (tb) (6)treponema of symphillis (7)bone fracture

Front 281

what are some agents that can evoke a chronic inflammation? (7)

Back 281

(1)talc (2)slicia (3)abestos (4)surgical materials (5)Tubercle basillus (tb) (6)treponema of symphillis (7)bone fracture

Front 282

NAME
some of these include (1)talc (2)slicia (3)abestos (4)surgical materials (5)Tubercle basillus (tb) (6)treponema of symphillis (7)bone fracture

Back 282

agents that can induce chronic inflammation

Front 283

what are some types of chronic inflammation?

Back 283

(1)nonspecfic chronic inflammation (2)granulomatous inflammation

Front 284

NAMe
some types of this include nonspecfic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation

Back 284

chronic inflammation

Front 285

what is a granulomatous inflammation?

Back 285

usally occurs when the foriegn agent is poorly digested and not easily controlled by other inflammatory mechanisms and the granulomatous inflammation will gather or clump together to attempt to surround the foreign agent

Front 286

NAME
this usally occurs when the foriegn agent is poorly digested and not easily controlled by other inflammatory mechanisms and the granulomatous inflammation will gather or clump together to attempt to surround the foreign agent

Back 286

granulomatous inflammation

Front 287

Chronic inflammation increases the risk of (1)

Back 287

scaring

Front 288

Chroninc inflammation of the bowel causes (1)

Back 288

narrowing of the bowel lumen

Front 289

what are some treatment methods for inflammation? (4)

Back 289

(1)drugs (2)physical agent modalities such as hot and cold (3)elevation (4)elastic shocking and intermittent pumps

Front 290

NAME
some treatment methods for this include (1)drugs (2)physical agent modalities such as hot and cold (3)elevation (4)elastic shocking and intermittent pumps

Back 290

inflammation

Front 291

what are some drugs used to treat inflammation? (4)

Back 291

(1)ASA (2)NSAIDs (3)Glucocorticoids (4)methylpredinstone, dexamethsone, and prednisone

Front 292

NAME
some drugs used to treat this include (1)ASA (2)NSAIDs (3)Glucocorticoids (4)methylpredinstone, dexamethsone, and prednisone

Back 292

inflammation

Front 293

what does ASA stand for?

Back 293

Acetylsallicylic acid

Front 294

what does ASA do?

Back 294

decreases prostaglandin synthesis at the site of inflammation (2)reduces pain and fever

Front 295

NAME
this drug decreases the prostaglandin synthesis at the site of the inflammation and reduces the pain and fever

Back 295

ASA

Front 296

what does NSAIDs stand for?

Back 296

Nonsteriodal-anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 297

NAME
some of these include (1)talc (2)slicia (3)abestos (4)surgical materials (5)Tubercle basillus (tb) (6)treponema of symphillis (7)bone fracture

Back 297

agents that can induce chronic inflammation

Front 298

what are some types of chronic inflammation?

Back 298

(1)nonspecfic chronic inflammation (2)granulomatous inflammation

Front 299

NAMe
some types of this include nonspecfic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation

Back 299

chronic inflammation

Front 300

what is a granulomatous inflammation?

Back 300

usally occurs when the foriegn agent is poorly digested and not easily controlled by other inflammatory mechanisms and the granulomatous inflammation will gather or clump together to attempt to surround the foreign agent

Front 301

NAME
this usally occurs when the foriegn agent is poorly digested and not easily controlled by other inflammatory mechanisms and the granulomatous inflammation will gather or clump together to attempt to surround the foreign agent

Back 301

granulomatous inflammation

Front 302

Chronic inflammation increases the risk of (1)

Back 302

scaring

Front 303

Chroninc inflammation of the bowel causes (1)

Back 303

narrowing of the bowel lumen

Front 304

what are some treatment methods for inflammation? (4)

Back 304

(1)drugs (2)physical agent modalities such as hot and cold (3)elevation (4)elastic shocking and intermittent pumps

Front 305

NAME
some treatment methods for this include (1)drugs (2)physical agent modalities such as hot and cold (3)elevation (4)elastic shocking and intermittent pumps

Back 305

inflammation

Front 306

what are some drugs used to treat inflammation? (4)

Back 306

(1)ASA (2)NSAIDs (3)Glucocorticoids (4)methylpredinstone, dexamethsone, and prednisone

Front 307

NAME
some drugs used to treat this include (1)ASA (2)NSAIDs (3)Glucocorticoids (4)methylpredinstone, dexamethsone, and prednisone

Back 307

inflammation

Front 308

what does ASA stand for?

Back 308

Acetylsallicylic acid

Front 309

what does ASA do?

Back 309

decreases prostaglandin synthesis at the site of inflammation (2)reduces pain and fever

Front 310

NAME
this drug decreases the prostaglandin synthesis at the site of the inflammation and reduces the pain and fever

Back 310

ASA

Front 311

what does NSAIDs stand for?

Back 311

Nonsteriodal-anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 312

what are some examples of NSAIDS?

Back 312

(1)advil (2)celebrex (3)motrin

Front 313

NAME
some exs of this type of drug include advil, celebrex, and motrin

Back 313

NSAIDs

Front 314

what are NSAIDS?

Back 314

decrease prostagladin synthesis and pain

Front 315

NAME
this drug decreases prostagladin synthsis and pain

Back 315

NSAIDS

Front 316

What are Gluccorcoticoids?

Back 316

steriods

Front 317

NAME
this is jst a fancy name for steriods

Back 317

Glucocorticoids

Front 318

How does work Glucocorticoids? (4)

Back 318

decrease capillary permeability increasing ephinephrine and nonephrinephrine in the system (2)reduce the number of Mast cells thus decreasing histaine and prostgladins (3)blocks the immune response

Front 319

NAME
this drug works by decrease capillary permeability increasing ephinephrine and nonephrinephrine in the system (2)reduce the number of Mast cells thus decreasing histaine and prostgladins (3)blocks the immune response

Back 319

Glucocorticoids

Front 320

One important thing to keep in mind about Glucocorticoids?

Back 320

they block the immune response

Front 321

what are some side effects of long term use of drugs for inflammation? (4)

Back 321

(1)decrease immune respnse (2)catabolic effects such as tissue breakdown (3)osteoprosois, muscle wasting and thinning of the skin (4)sodium and water retention leading to increased blood pressure and edema

Front 322

NAME
some negative side effects of this include (1)decrease immune respnse (2)catabolic effects such as tissue breakdown (3)osteoprosois, muscle wasting and thinning of the skin (4)sodium and water retention leading to increased blood pressure and edema

Back 322

drugs for inflammation

Front 323

How does heat work against inflammatioN?

Back 323

helps to dilate the blood vessels

Front 324

Heat helps to (1)

Back 324

dilate the blood vessels

Front 325

how does cold pack help against inflammation?

Back 325

constricts the blood vessels

Front 326

Cold packs (1)

Back 326

blood vessels

Front 327

(1)packs dilate the blood vessels while (2)constricts the blood vessels

Back 327

(1)heat (2)cold

Front 328

How does intermittent pumps help w inflammation?

Back 328

pushes the fluid out of the body

Front 329

what are the differ kind of T cells? (4)

Back 329

(1)helper T cell (2)memory T cell (3)supperssor T cell (4)cytotoxic T cell

Front 330

NAME
these come from stem cells in the bone marrow

Back 330

T cells

Front 331

what are T cells?

Back 331

recognize and destroy antigens

Front 332

NAME
these cells recognize and destroy antigens and can reproduce creating a army to battle the invader

Back 332

t cells

Front 333

NAME
these are responsible for immunity and the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins

Back 333

B cells

Front 334

what is the differ btwn T and B cells?

Back 334

(1)t-cells-recoginze and destory antigens (2)b cells-are responsible for the immunity and the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins

Front 335

what are B cells?

Back 335

are responsible for the immunity and the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins

Front 336

B cells can either become (1)or (2)

Back 336

antibody producing cell (2)B memory cell

Front 337

NAME
these can either become antibody producing cell or memory cell

Back 337

B cells

Front 338

T helper cells are also called (1)

Back 338

CD4 cells

Front 339

(1)are also called CD4 cells

Back 339

T helper cells

Front 340

what are cytotoxic cells?

Back 340

are killer T cells

Front 341

NAME
these are killer T cells

Back 341

cytotocoxic cells

Front 342

T or F
the natural killer cells need to be trained to destory cells

Back 342

false

Front 343

Do the natural killer cells needed to be trained to destory cells?

Back 343

no

Front 344

what are the stages for acquiring immmunity? (2)

Back 344

(1)primary response (2)secondary response

Front 345

NAME
these stages include primary and secondary response

Back 345

acquiring immunity

Front 346

what is the primary response to acquiring an immunity?

Back 346

person is exposed to antigen, recoginized to be processed, and antibodies are sensitized and process stored

Front 347

what is the secondary response to acquiring an immunity?

Back 347

person is exposed again to antigen, antigen is recognized, and the antigen is immedialy produced

Front 348

what is the differ btwn primary and secondary response to acquiring an immunity? (2)

Back 348

(1)primary-person is exposed to antigen, recoginized to be processed, and antibodies are sensitized and process stored (2)secondary-person is exposed again to antigen, antigen is recognized, and the antigen is immedialy produced

Front 349

why is their a need for a different flu vaccination every yr?

Back 349

the virus mutates and their are hundreds of strains

Front 350

what are some differ ways to acquire immunity?(4)

Back 350

(1)active natural immunity (2)active artificial immunity (3)natural passive immunity (4)passive artificial immunity

Front 351

what is active natural immunity?

Back 351

is direct exposure

Front 352

nAME
this is when immunity is acquired through direct exposure such as the chicken pox

Back 352

active natural immunity

Front 353

what is active artifical immunity?

Back 353

is when the person acquires the immunity bc an antigen is purposefuly introduced such as through a vaccine

Front 354

nAME
this is when the person acquires the immunity bc the antigen is purposeful introduced such as through a vaccine

Back 354

artificial immunity

Front 355

what is natural passive immunity?

Back 355

is when the immunity passes from one person to another such as a mother and her breast milk

Front 356

NAME
this is when the immunity passes from one person to another such as a mother and her breast milk

Back 356

natural passive immunity

Front 357

what is passive artifical immunity?

Back 357

is when the immunity is acquired bc an injection of antibodies from one person to animal to another

Front 358

NAME
this immunity is acuiqred bc of an injection of antibodies from one person to animal to another

Back 358

artificial immunity

Front 359

what are some types of tissue and organ transplant?

Back 359

(1)allograft (2)isograft (3)autograft (4)xenograft

Front 360

NAMe
some types of this include allograft, isograft, autograft, and xenograft

Back 360

tissue and organ transplant

Front 361

what is allograft?

Back 361

issue/organ transplant that comes from the same species orperson

Front 362

NAME
this type of tissue/organ transplant comes from the same species/ person

Back 362

allograft

Front 363

what is isograft?

Back 363

this type of tissue/organ transplant two genetically identical bodies

Front 364

NAME
this type of tissue/organ transplant comes from two gentically indentical bodies

Back 364

isograft

Front 365

what is active natural immunity?

Back 365

is direct exposure

Front 366

nAME
this is when immunity is acquired through direct exposure such as the chicken pox

Back 366

active natural immunity

Front 367

what is active artifical immunity?

Back 367

is when the person acquires the immunity bc an antigen is purposefuly introduced such as through a vaccine

Front 368

nAME
this is when the person acquires the immunity bc the antigen is purposeful introduced such as through a vaccine

Back 368

artificial immunity

Front 369

what is natural passive immunity?

Back 369

is when the immunity passes from one person to another such as a mother and her breast milk

Front 370

NAME
this is when the immunity passes from one person to another such as a mother and her breast milk

Back 370

natural passive immunity

Front 371

what is passive artifical immunity?

Back 371

is when the immunity is acquired bc an injection of antibodies from one person to animal to another

Front 372

NAME
this immunity is acuiqred bc of an injection of antibodies from one person to animal to another

Back 372

artificial immunity

Front 373

what are some types of tissue and organ transplant? (4)

Back 373

(1)allograft (2)isograft (3)autograft (4)xenograft

Front 374

NAMe
some types of this include allograft, isograft, autograft, and xenograft

Back 374

tissue and organ transplant

Front 375

what is allograft?

Back 375

issue/organ transplant that comes from the same species orperson

Front 376

NAME
this type of tissue/organ transplant comes from the same species/ person

Back 376

allograft

Front 377

what is isograft?

Back 377

this type of tissue/organ transplant two genetically identical bodies

Front 378

NAME
this type of tissue/organ transplant comes from two gentically indentical bodies

Back 378

isograft

Front 379

is their usally an immune response from w a isograft?

Back 379

no

Front 380

is their usally an immune response w an autograft?

Back 380

no

Front 381

is there usally an immmune response w a allograft?

Back 381

yes

Front 382

Is there a chance of immmune response w a xenograft?

Back 382

yes

Front 383

what is autograft?

Back 383

this type of tissue/organ transplant that comes from one part of the body to another

Front 384

NAME
this type of tissue/organ transplant comes from one part of the body to another

Back 384

autograft

Front 385

what xenograft?

Back 385

is when two different species such as pig is used for tissue/organ transplant

Front 386

NAME
this is when two different species such as pig is used for tissue/organ transplant

Back 386

xenograft

Front 387

what is type I hypersensitity? (4)

Back 387

INCLUDES ALLERGIES SUCH AS (1)hay fever- (2)food allergies=-(3)eczemea (4)asthma

Front 388

NAME
some signs and symptoms of this type of hypersensitivity include hay fever, food allergies, eczema, and asthma

Back 388

type I allergy

Front 389

Anaphylaxis is also called (1)

Back 389

Anaphylactic shock

Front 390

(1)is also called Anaphylactic shock

Back 390

Anaphylaxis

Front 391

what is involved in the systematic reaction during Anaphylaxis?

Back 391

(1)itching/tingling reaction (2)coughing (3)feelings of weakness, dizziness, or fainting (4)edema in the eyes, lips, tongue, hands, and feet (5)loss of consciousness

Front 392

NAME
some signs of this include (1)itching/tingling reaction (2)coughing (3)feelings of weakness, dizziness, or fainting (4)edema in the eyes, lips, tongue, hands, and feet (5)loss of consciousness

Back 392

Anaphylaxis

Front 393

NAME
an example of this type of hypersensitivty includes TB

Back 393

type IV-mediated or delayed hypersensitivityy

Front 394

what is type IV-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity?

Back 394

is when there is a delayed response by T cells to the invading antigens

Front 395

NAME
this refers to when there is type IV-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity?

Back 395

IV mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

Front 396

what is the host?

Back 396

an organism capable of the nutriiontal and physical growth of another

Front 397

NAME
this is organism capable of the nutritional and physical growth of another

Back 397

host

Front 398

what is an infection?

Back 398

the presence and multiplication of a living organism on or w.in a host

Front 399

NAME
this is the presnece and multiplication of a living organism on or w.in a host

Back 399

infection

Front 400

T or F
all infections btwn a host and infection are detrimental

Back 400

false

Front 401

give some examples of infections btwn a host and infection that aren ot detrimental?

Back 401

(1)commensalism (2)mutual ism (3)parastic

Front 402

what are some types of infectious agents (6)

Back 402

(1)prions (2)viruses (3)bacteria (4)rickettsaie (5) and Chlymadia (6)fungi (7)parasites

Front 403

NAME
some of these include (1)prions (2)viruses (3)bacteria (4)rickettsaie and Chlymadia (5)fungi (6)parasites

Back 403

infectious agents

Front 404

what are prions?

Back 404

are protien particles that lack any kind of DNA or RNA

Front 405

NAME
these are protein particles that lack any kind of genetic material (DNA/RNA)

Back 405

prions

Front 406

T or F
prions are infectious and capable of replication

Back 406

true

Front 407

what does BSE stand for?

Back 407

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Front 408

BSE is also called (1)

Back 408

mad cow disease

Front 409

(1)is also called mad cow disease

Back 409

BSE

Front 410

what are some diseases that are cuased by prions? (3)

Back 410

(1)Cretuzfeldt-Jacob disease (2)kuru (3)BSE

Front 411

why does antibacterial and antiviral agents not work on prions?

Back 411

bc prions lack reproductive and metabolic functions

Front 412

what are symptoms cuased by prions? (4)

Back 412

(1)slow progressive non-inflammatory neuronal degeneration (2)ataxia (3)dementia (4)death

Front 413

NAME
some symptoms of this include slow progressive non-inflammatory neuronal degeneration, ataxia, dementia, and death

Back 413

prions

Front 414

what is ataxia?

Back 414

lack of coordination

Front 415

NAMe
this is a lack of cooridnation

Back 415

ataxia

Front 416

describe the process of how prions attack the brain (3)

Back 416

(1)prion comes into contact w normal protien in the brain causing it to change shape (2)causing a change reaction (3)the altered protien accumulate and cause brain tissue in clump leaving gaps

Front 417

eventually prions leave (1)in the brain

Back 417

gaps/cut holes in the brain

Front 418

Describe how virus replicate? (6)

Back 418

virus enters the cell (2)attachment of the host to the cell (3)uncoating of the viral DNA or RNA enters the host cell nucleus and takes control of the host's DNA (4)host cell syntheized viral components (5)assembles new viruses (6)release of new virsuses and host cell lysis

Front 419

T or F
viruses do not require a living host to survive

Back 419

false

Front 420

what is a virus?

Back 420

intracellular pathogens that requires a living host to survive

Front 421

NAME
this is an intracellular pathogens that requires a living host to survive

Back 421

virus

Front 422

How to virus work?

Back 422

they penetrate the living host and use their cell energy to replicate

Front 423

NAME
these penetrate the living host and use their cell energy to replicate

Back 423

virus

Front 424

T or F
there are many differ types of viruses

Back 424

true

Front 425

Describe the herpes virus

Back 425

enters the host remains dormant until stimualted

Front 426

NAME
this type of virus enters the host remains dormant until stimulated

Back 426

herpes virus

Front 427

what are some disorders that the Herpes virus can cause? (6)

Back 427

(1)chicken pox (2)herpes zoster (3)gential herpes (4)cytomegalovirus (5)infectious mononucleosis (6)fever blisters (7)Kaposi's sacroma

Front 428

NAMe
this virus can cause (1)chicken pox (2)herpes zoster (3)gential herpes (4)cytomegalovirus (5)infectious mononucleosis (6)fever blisters (7)Kaposi's sacroma

Back 428

Herpes virus

Front 429

Herpes zoster is the virus that causes called (1)

Back 429

shingles/chicken pox

Front 430

(1)is caused Herpes Zoster

Back 430

chicken pox

Front 431

Describe how the retrovirus works (4)?

Back 431

enters the host cell, the viral RNA, is transplanted into the DNA (2)the RNA is converted to viral DNA and integrated into the host chromosome and exists in a latent state (3)replication may cause lysis (4)during the process,the infected the cells regulate the immune defense system

Front 432

what does HIV stand for?

Back 432

human immunodeficiency virus

Front 433

what does oncogenic mean?

Back 433

is the ability to transform normal host cells to maligant cells during replication

Front 434

NAME
is the ability to transform normal host cells to maligant cells during replication

Back 434

oncogenic

Front 435

what are some characteristics that are used to id viruses?

Back 435

(1)type of genome (2)mechanism of replication (3)mechianism for transmission (4)type of disease produced

Front 436

NAME
this is unicelluar cells that do not require living tissue survive, they also lack a nucleus and genonme is a single chromosome DNA which enters the host cell cytoplasm cuasing a change in shape

Back 436

bacteria

Front 437

descibe bacteria (4)

Back 437

(1)unicelluar (2)does not need living tissue to live (3)lack an organized nucleus (4)genome is a single chromosome of DNA which enters the host cells cytoplasm cuasing a change in shape

Front 438

what are some types of bacteria (based on shape)?

Back 438

(1)cocci (2)spirilla (3)bacilli (4)flagella

Front 439

NAME
some types of this include cocci, spirilla, bacillie, and flagella

Back 439

bacteria

Front 440

what is cocci bacteria?

Back 440

are spherical shaped

Front 441

NAME
this type of bacteria is spheriacal shaped

Back 441

cocci bacteria

Front 442

what is spirilla bacteria?

Back 442

is spiral/helical shaped

Front 443

NAME
this type of bacteria spiral/helical shaped

Back 443

spirilla

Front 444

what is bacilli bacteria?

Back 444

is rod shaped and elongated

Front 445

NAME
this type of bacteria is rod shaped and elongated

Back 445

bacilli bacteria

Front 446

what is flagella?

Back 446

have a tial for mobility

Front 447

NAME
this type of bacteria has a tail for mobility

Back 447

flagella

Front 448

how does bacteria reproduce?

Back 448

by simple cell division.....develop a rigid cell wall divide into a number of planes

Front 449

what are some (2)types of cocci bacteria?

Back 449

(1)streptococci (2)staphylococci

Front 450

NAME
some types of this bacteria include streptococci and staphylococci

Back 450

cocci bacteria

Front 451

what is streptococci bacteria?

Back 451

cocci bacteria that divides into chains

Front 452

NAME
this type of bacteria is cocci bacteria that divides into chains

Back 452

streptococci bacteria

Front 453

what is the differ btwn streptococci and staphylococci bacteria?

Back 453

(1)streptococci -cocci bacteria that divides into chains (2)
staphylococci-cocci
bacteria that divies into clusters

Front 454

what is staphylococci bacteria?

Back 454

cocci bacteria that divides into clusters

Front 455

NAME
thist type of cocci bacteria divides into clusters

Back 455

staphylococci bacteria

Front 456

T or F
bacteria are extremely adpatable

Back 456

true

Front 457

what are aerobes?

Back 457

bacteria that require O2 to live

Front 458

NAME
bacteria that require O2 to live

Back 458

aerobes

Front 459

what are anaerobes?

Back 459

bacteria that do not need O2 to live

Front 460

NAME
this bacteria that does not require O2 to live

Back 460

anaerobes

Front 461

what is the differ btwn anaerobes and aerobes?

Back 461

(1)anaerobes-do not require O2(2)aerobes-require O2

Front 462

what are some growth parameters for bacteria? (4)

Back 462

(1)nutrition (2)temp (3)light (4)humidity

Front 463

how are bacteria classifed?

Back 463

according to gram stain (gram negative or gram positve)

Front 464

NAME
this can be either classifed as--gram postive or negative

Back 464

bacteria

Front 465

what is gram postive?

Back 465

bacteria that stains purple

Front 466

What is gram negative?

Back 466

is bacteria that is not stained purple

Front 467

What is the differ gram postive and negative?

Back 467

(1)positive-bacteria that is stained purple (2)negative-not stained purple

Front 468

What type of bacteria is resistant to gram staining?

Back 468

mycobacterium tuberculsosis

Front 469

T or F
mycobacterium tuberculsosis is not resistent to gram staining

Back 469

false

Front 470

what is streptococcus pyrogenes?

Back 470

agent for scarlet fever and Rheumatic fevers

Front 471

NAME
this is agent for scarlet fever and Rheumatic fever

Back 471

streptococcus pyrogenes

Front 472

what is legionella pneumophila?

Back 472

responsible for Legionnaire's disease

Front 473

NAME
this is responsible for Legionnaires disease

Back 473

Legionella pneumophila

Front 474

how does chlamydiea reproduce? (5)

Back 474

elementray body enters host cell (2)elementary body reorgainzes into a reticulate body (3)cell division (4)cell burst releasting elementary bodies (5)elementary body enter another host cell to start the process all over again

Front 475

what are (2)agents that have both bacterial and viral agents?

Back 475

Rickettsiae and (2)chlamydiae

Front 476

Rickettsaie and Chlamydiae have Both (1)

Back 476

bacterial and viral agents

Front 477

what are some components that rickettsaie and Chlamydiae have in commmon w bacteria and viruses? (4)

Back 477

(1)intracelluar /require a living organism (2)form a rigid wall (3)repoduce by cell division (4)RNA and DNA similar to those found in bacteria

Front 478

what is Rickettsaie?

Back 478

causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Epidemic Typhus

Front 479

NAMe
this type of bacteria causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Epidemic Typhus

Back 479

Rickettsaie

Front 480

Rickettsaie usally affect (1)which in turn transmits it to huamsn

Back 480

ticks, fleas, and lice

Front 481

How can Chlamydiae be acquired? (3)

Back 481

(1)sexually transmitted (2)ocular infections (3)acquired from infected birds

Front 482

NAME
this can acquired through sex, ocular infections, and from infected birds

Back 482

Chlamydiae

Front 483

how does fungi affect people?

Back 483

usally self limiting infections of the skin surface...however, more serious fungi infection occur through puncture wounds and inhalation

Front 484

NAME
this usally causes self limiting infeciton of the skin surface...however, more serious infections occur through punture wounds and inhalation

Back 484

fungi

Front 485

what are some types of fungi?

Back 485

yeast (2)mold

Front 486

NAME
some types of this include yeast and mold

Back 486

fungi

Front 487

what kind of evironments do dermatophyres require?

Back 487

cooler /darker surfaces

Front 488

what are dermatophytes?

Back 488

fungi such as athletes foot, jock itch, and ring worm

Front 489

NAME
this is fungi such as athletes foot, jock itch, and ring worm

Back 489

dermatophytes

Front 490

where can you get yeast infections? (3)

Back 490

skin, (2)mucous membrane (3)Gi tract

Front 491

what are (2)types of parasites?

Back 491

(1)protozoa (2)Helmiths

Front 492

NAME
some types of this include protoza and Helmiths

Back 492

parasites

Front 493

how does protozoa transfered? (4)

Back 493

(1)from host to host (2)seuxal contact (3)contaminated water or food

Front 494

what are some diseases that protoza can cuase?

Back 494

(10giadrasis (2)amembic dysentray (3)malaria

Front 495

NAMe
this can cause giadrasis, amebic dysentray, and malaria

Back 495

protozoa

Front 496

how are Helminths transfered?

Back 496

passed by ingestion of fertilzied eggs or the pentration through the skin

Front 497

what are some problems that Helminths can cause in humans? (3)

Back 497

(1)round worm (2)tape worm (3)flukes

Front 498

NAME
this can cause round worm, tape worm, and flukes

Back 498

Helminths

Front 499

what is reservoir?

Back 499

is the source of infection

Front 500

NAME
this is the source of infection

Back 500

reservoir

Front 501

what are some types of reservoirs? (4)

Back 501

(1)incubation stage (2)acute stage (3)carrier stage (4)non human stage

Front 502

NAME
these include incubation stage, acute stage, carrier stage, and non human stage

Back 502

reserviors

Front 503

how is hepa A transfered?

Back 503

the oral fecal route

Front 504

How is Hep B transfered?

Back 504

by carriers

Front 505

what is the portal of entry?

Back 505

when pathogens enter the body and gain acesss to susecptible tissues and cause disease

Front 506

NAME
this is when pathogens enter the body and gain acess to suspectable tissues and cause disease

Back 506

portal of entry

Front 507

what aer some portal of entry? (4)

Back 507

(1)penetration (2)direct contact (3)ingestion (4)inhalation

Front 508

Describe the disease course stages? (6)

Back 508

(1)infection (2)incubation period (3)prodromal stage (4)acute stage (5)convalescent stage (6)resolution stage

Front 509

NAME
the course of this includes (1)infection (2)incubation period (3)prodromal stage (4)acute stage (5)convalescent stage (6)resolution stage

Back 509

disease

Front 510

what is the incubation period?

Back 510

is when their is active replication w. out producing recogonizble symptoms in the host

Front 511

NAME
this is when their is active replication w out producing recoginzble symptoms in the host

Back 511

incubation period

Front 512

what is prodromal stage?

Back 512

is when the intial symptoms may appear such as mild fever, headache and fatigue

Front 513

NAME
this is when the intial symptoms may appear such as mild fever, headache and fatigue

Back 513

predromal stage

Front 514

what is the acute stage?

Back 514

is when the person experience the max impact of the infectious process

Front 515

NAME
this is when the person experience the max impact of the infectious process

Back 515

acute stage

Front 516

what is the convalescent stage?

Back 516

is when the infection is contained and the damaged cells are repaired

Front 517

NAME
this is when the the infection is contained and damaged cells are repaired

Back 517

convalescent stage

Front 518

what is the resolution stage?

Back 518

is when the pathogen is eliminated from the body

Front 519

NAME
this is when the pathogen is elimated from the body

Back 519

resolution

Front 520

what are some things that make a host more suspect able to disease? (8)

Back 520

(1)age (infants and elderly (2)genetic suspectability (3)immunodeficiency (4)malnutrition (5)chronic disease (6)severe physical or emotional stress (7)inlammation or trauma (8)poor inflammatory response

Front 521

what are some local signs of the disease course?

Back 521

inflammation (2)Erythema (3)pain/tenderness (4)lymphadenopathy (5)exudate

Front 522

NAME
some signs of this include inflammation, erythema, pain/temp, lymphadenoapapthy, and exudate

Back 522

local signs of the disease course

Front 523

what are some systemic signs of disease course? (6)

Back 523

(1)fever (2)increase in WBCs (3)decrease in WBCs (4)fatigue/weakness (5)headache (6)arthralgia

Front 524

What is arthralgia?

Back 524

pain in joints

Front 525

NAMe
this refers to pain in joints

Back 525

arthralgia

Front 526

NAME
some signs of this include (1)fever (2)increase in WBCs (3)decrease in WBCs (4)fatigue/weakness (5)headache (6)arthralgia

Back 526

signs of systematic disease course

Front 527

an increase in WBC can indicate (1)

Back 527

bacterial infection

Front 528

An (1)can indicate bacterial infection

Back 528

increase in WBCs

Front 529

A decrease in WBCs can indicate (1)

Back 529

viral infection

Front 530

An (1)can indicate a viral infection

Back 530

decrease in WBCs

Front 531

what is septicemia?

Back 531

infection/toxins in the blood

Front 532

nAME
this refers to toxins in the blood/infection

Back 532

septicemia

Front 533

what are virulence factors?

Back 533

substances or products that are generated by infectious agents that enhance their abiltiy to cause disease

Front 534

nAME
these are substances or products that are generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease

Back 534

virulence factors

Front 535

what are some virulence factors? (4)

Back 535

(1)toxins (2)adhesion factors (3)evasive factors (4)invasive factors

Front 536

NAME
some of these include (1)toxins (2)adhesion factors (3)evasive factors (4)invasive factors

Back 536

virulence factors

Front 537

toxins are primarly (1)

Back 537

bacteria

Front 538

NAME
these virulence factors are primarly bacteria

Back 538

toxins

Front 539

what are some types of toxins?

Back 539

(1)exotoxins (2)endotoxins

Front 540

what are some exs of exotoxins?

Back 540

(1)botulism (2)tetnus

Front 541

NAME
some exs of these include botulism and tetnus

Back 541

exotoxins

Front 542

what are some exs of endtoxins?

Back 542

fever/weakness (2)clotting bleeding (3)inflammation

Front 543

what are evasive factors?

Back 543

substances that avoid the recogintion of hosts antibodies

Front 544

NAME
these are virulence factors that avoid the recoginition of hosts antibodies

Back 544

evasive factors

Front 545

Give an ex of disease that has evasive factors

Back 545

Lyme disease

Front 546

what are invasive factors?

Back 546

faciliate the pentration of anatomic barriers

Front 547

NAME
these faciliate the pentration of the anatomic barreirs

Back 547

invasive factors

Front 548

what are some ways to prevent disease? (4)

Back 548

(1)univeral precautions (2)understanding sources of infection by removing/elimating --having traveling restrictions, quartine, food.water contamination and education (3)block portal exit by hand washing (4)block potrals of entrance by wearing mask and gloves

Front 549

what are some treatments for bacteria? (3)

Back 549

(1)no treatment (2)antimicrobe agents (3)antibacterial agents

Front 550

what are antimicrobial agents?

Back 550

refers to antibiotics

Front 551

NAME
these include Penicillin and sulfa drugs

Back 551

antimicrobial agents

Front 552

Antibacterial agents are also called (1)

Back 552

antibiotics

Front 553

(1)are also called antibacterial agents

Back 553

antibiotics

Front 554

what are antibiotics?

Back 554

are produced by other mircobes to be used against others microbes

Front 555

NAMe
these are produced by other microbes to be used against other microbes

Back 555

antibiotics

Front 556

NAME
these where recental develops as a result of the AIDs epidemic

Back 556

antiviral agents

Front 557

what are protease inhibitors?

Back 557

inhibit an HIV specfic enzyme that is necessary for maturation of the virus cell

Front 558

NAME
these inhibit an HIV specific enzyme that is necessary for maturation of the virus cell

Back 558

protease inhibitors

Front 559

what are some antifungal agents?

Back 559

go after the cytoplasmic memembrane of yeast and molds or go after the cholestral in fungal yeast infections disrupting RNA and DNA synthesis

Front 560

NAME
these go after the cytoplasmic membrane of yeast and molds or go after the cholestral in fungal yeast infections disrupting RNA and DNA synthesis

Back 560

antifungal agents

Front 561

what is the problem w the development of antiparasitic agents?

Back 561

problem w 3rd world countries bc their is not a lot of development

Front 562

what is immunotherapy?

Back 562

is supplementing or stimulating the hosts immune response to the limit the pathogen or reverse its effects

Front 563

NAME
this is supplementing or stimulating the hosts immune response to the limit the pathogen or reverse its effects

Back 563

immunotherapy

Front 564

what is hyperimmune immunoglobulin?

Back 564

contain high titers of antibodies against specfic pathogens including hep B or rabies

Front 565

NAME
these contain high titers of antibodies against specfic pathogens including hep B or rabies

Back 565

hyperimmune immunoglobulin

Front 566

what are cytokine?

Back 566

stimulates WBCs replicaiton, phagocytosis, antibody production and the induction of fever, inflammation and tissue repair

Front 567

NAME
these stimulates WBCs replicaiton, phagocytosis, antibody production and the induction of fever, inflammation and tissue repair

Back 567

cytokines

Front 568

what are some types of immunotherapy? (3)

Back 568

(1)hyperimmune immunoglobulin (2)cytokines (3)vaccines

Front 569

what does LRN stand for?

Back 569

lab response network

Front 570

what are some global infectous diseases? (2)

Back 570

west nile virus (2)SARS

Front 571

NAME
these include west nile virus and Sars

Back 571

global infectious diseases

Front 572

what are the differ categorizes of bioterrorism agents? (3)

Back 572

(1)highest-antrax, plague, small pox, hemorrhagive fevers (2)next level-food and water (3)emerging pathogens-tick born and yellow fever

Front 573

Describe the West Nile virus? (2)

Back 573

comes from mosquitoes, birds, and horses (2)symptoms range from nonspecfic ferbile illness to meningoencephaltis to death

Front 574

what is ascariasis?

Back 574

is an infection of the small intesine w live worm in the stools

Front 575

NAME
this is an infection of the small intestine w live worms in the stools

Back 575

ascariasis

Front 576

what is the mode of transmission for ascariasis?

Back 576

ingestion of infected eggs from soil contaimainted human feces

Front 577

what is the incubation period for ascariasis?

Back 577

2 months

Front 578

what is the communicabiltiy for ascariasis?

Back 578

as long as there is live worms in the intestine

Front 579

candidiasis is also called (1)

Back 579

thrush

Front 580

(1)is also called the thrush

Back 580

candidiasis

Front 581

what is candidias?

Back 581

fungal yeast infection confined to the superficial layers of the skin

Front 582

NAME
this is a fungal yeast infection confined to the superficial layers of the skin

Back 582

candidias

Front 583

what is the mode of transmission and incupation period for candidiasis?

Back 583

contact w excerations of the mouth, skin, vagina, and feces

Front 584

what is the communicability for candidisis?

Back 584

as long as lesions are present

Front 585

what causes the chicken pox?

Back 585

herpes zoster

Front 586

NAME
this is cuased by the herpes zoster

Back 586

chicken pox

Front 587

what is chicken pox?

Back 587

viral disease charcterized b sudden onset and skin eruptions/rash

Front 588

NAME
this is a viral disease charterized sudden onset and skin eruptions /rash

Back 588

chicken pox

Front 589

what is the mode of transmission and incubation period?

Back 589

person to person contact or air borne droplet (2)incubation period is 2-3 weeks

Front 590

what is the communicaiablity for chicken pox?

Back 590

5 days BEFORE of the onset of the rash

Front 591

what is conjuctivitis?

Back 591

pink eye

Front 592

NAME
this refers to pink eye

Back 592

conjuctivitis

Front 593

what are the symptoms of conjuctivtis?

Back 593

irritation, edema, redness, photophobia, purulent discharge of one or both of eyes

Front 594

NAME
this has irritation, edema, redness, photoboia, purulent discharge of one or both of the eyes

Back 594

conjuctivtis

Front 595

what is the mode of transmission and incupation period for conjuctivtis?

Back 595

contact w discharge from eyes of the Upper resipratory tract of the infect person through clothing and fingers

Front 596

what is the communicability of conjuctivtis?

Back 596

during the infection

Front 597

what is dermatophyosis?

Back 597

is ring worm, flat spreading ring shaped lesions which may be red, dry scaly, moist, and crusted on various parts of the body such as scalp,beard, nails, and groin

Front 598

NAME
this is ring worm, flat spreading ring, shaped lesion which may be red, dry, scaly, moist, and crusted on various parts of the body such as the scalp, beard, nails, and groin

Back 598

dermatophytosis

Front 599

what is diptheria?

Back 599

affects the throat...grey membrane is surrounded by red area

Front 600

NAME
this affects throat ..grey membrane is surrounded by red area

Back 600

diptheria

Front 601

how is hep A transmited/

Back 601

oral fecal route

Front 602

what is the mode of transmission and incubatio period for diptheria?

Back 602

contact w patient or carrier....2 to 5 days

Front 603

what isthe communicablity of dptheria?

Back 603

until bacilli have disappeared from discharge

Front 604

what is hep A?

Back 604

is abrupt onset mainly affecting the liver....w fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, followed w.in a few days of jandice

Front 605

NAME
this mainly affect the liver, w fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, followed w. in a few days

Back 605

hep A

Front 606

what is the mode of transmision and incupation period for hep A?

Back 606

person to person by the oral fecal route w 15 dys to 50 days

Front 607

what is the communicabiltiy of hep A?

Back 607

later 1/2 of the incubation period and cont until a few days after the onset of jandice

Front 608

what is hep B?

Back 608

insidious onset. vague abdnomianl discomfort, nasuea, and vomiting

Front 609

NAME
affects the liver w insidisous onset, vague, abdnominal discomfort nasuea, and vomting

Back 609

hep B

Front 610

what is the mode of transmission and incupation period for hep b?

Back 610

virus is found in body secrections esp blood, saliva, and semen...period is 45 to 160 days

Front 611

what is the communicability of hep B?

Back 611

for several weeks, before the onset through the clinical course of the disease

Front 612

what is the measles?

Back 612

viral disease w fever, conjuctivits, bronchits, red blotchy rash that appears on the 3=7 dys

Front 613

NAME
this is a viral disease w fever, conjuctivits, bronchitiv, red bloctchy red rash that appears on the 3-7 day

Back 613

measles

Front 614

what is the communiciability?

Back 614

before the onset of the fever to 4 days after the appearance of the rash

Front 615

what is the mumps?

Back 615

viral disease w fever, swelling, and tenderness of the salivary glands and the partiod glands

Front 616

NAME
this is a viral disease w fever, swelling, and tenderness of the salivary galnds and the partoid glands

Back 616

mumps

Front 617

what is the mode of transmission and incupatbion period for mumps?

Back 617

droplet and direct contact w salivia....18 dys for incubation

Front 618

what is the communicability for mumps?

Back 618

6 days before the saliviary involvement to urine being postive for as long as 14 days after symptoms have subsided

Front 619

Pediculosis is also called (1)

Back 619

lousiness

Front 620

(1)is also called lousiness

Back 620

pediculosis

Front 621

what is pediculosis?

Back 621

is lice and crab lice

Front 622

NAME
this refers to lice and crab lice

Back 622

pediculosis

Front 623

what is the mode of transmission for pediculosis?

Back 623

direct contact w infected person ......period of eggs hatching in one week to them reaching sexual maturity in two weeks

Front 624

what is the communicability of pediculosis?

Back 624

as long as the person is infected

Front 625

describe how the symptoms progress for tb

Back 625

intial infection goes unnoticed...sensitivity appears w. in few weeks and may progress and become systemtic

Front 626

what is the mode of transmission and incubation period for tb?

Back 626

air droplets....intial infection in 4-12 weeks..high risk for infection to spread 1-2 yrs after

Front 627

what is the communicability for tb?

Back 627

as long bacilli are being discharged but usally 1-2 yrs after treatment

Front 628

whooping cough is also called (1)

Back 628

pertussis

Front 629

(1)is also called pertusssis

Back 629

whopping cough

Front 630

what is whopping cough?

Back 630

is bacterial infection involving the trachea and bronchi w a gradual onset of cough lasting 1-2 months

Front 631

nAME
this is a bacterial infection involving the trachea and bronchi w a gradual onset of cough lasting 1-2 months

Back 631

whopping cough

Front 632

what is the transmission and incbuation period for whooping cough?

Back 632

direct contact w discharges from infected person

Front 633

what is the communicabiltiy for whooping cough?

Back 633

highly vontagious before coughing stage....remains contagious until aprox 3 weeks after coughing

Front 634

what is staphyloccocal aureus?

Back 634

normally resides on the skin, nerves, clothing and inanimate objects and cannot invade intact skin

Front 635

NAME
this normally resides on the skin, nerves, clothing, and inanimate objects. however, it cannot invade intact skin

Back 635

staphyloccoal aureus

Front 636

what are the clinical signs/symptoms of staphyloccoal aureus?

Back 636

furnuncles (2)carbuncles (3)osteomyletisis (4)resp infections (5)surgical wounds

Front 637

NAME
some clinical signs and symptoms of this include furnuncles (2)carbuncles (3)osteomyletisis (4)resp infections (5)surgical wounds

Back 637

staphyloccoal aureus

Front 638

what is a furuncle?

Back 638

is a boil

Front 639

NAME
this refers to a boil

Back 639

furuncle

Front 640

what are carbuncles?

Back 640

are clusters of boils

Front 641

NAME
these are clusters of boils

Back 641

carbuncles

Front 642

what is osteomyeltis?

Back 642

is an open fracture

Front 643

NAME
this refers to an open fracture

Back 643

osteomyeltis

Front 644

what is the treatment for staphyloccoal aureus? (2)

Back 644

varied/infection control (2)pencillin

Front 645

what are some categories of streptoccoal infections?

Back 645

(1)supurative (pus formation (2)nonsuppurative

Front 646

NAME
this has two categories of infections-supruative (pus formation), and nonsuppurative

Back 646

streptoccoal infections

Front 647

describe streptoccocal pharyngitis? (4)

Back 647

(1)1=5 days incubation period (2)101-104 degrees temp (3)sore throat/red (4)swollen tonsils/ glands

Front 648

NAME
someone w this had a high fever, sore throat, and swollen tonsil glands

Back 648

streptoccocal pharyngitis

Front 649

describe scarlet fever

Back 649

follow the strep throat and spread by droplets or direct contact (2)strep throat symptoms (3)red rash that blacnhes w pressure look like sunburn w goose bumps (4)appears on chest spreading to neck to abdoment to legs (5)spares the palms and sides of the feet

Front 650

NAME
this follows strep throat and is spread by droplets or direct cntact. has strep throat symptoms w red rash that blacnhes w pressure looks like sunburn w goose bumps spreading from the upper chest, neck, abdomen, and leg

Back 650

scarlet fever

Front 651

what is gangrene?

Back 651

is the death of tissue secondary to loos of blood supply, infection, and putrefection

Front 652

NAME
this is a deep death of tissue 2nd to loss of blood supply, infection and putrefection

Back 652

gangrene

Front 653

what can cause gangrene? (4)

Back 653

severe trauma (2)spetic abortions (3)tourniguets (4)deep wounds

Front 654

NAME
this can be caused by severe trauma (2)spetic abortions (3)tourniguets (4)deep wounds

Back 654

gangrene

Front 655

what are some types of gangrene? (3)

Back 655

(1)dry (2)moist (3)gas

Front 656

what is the incubation period for gangrene?

Back 656

2-4 dys, lesion has a thick discharge , foul odor--gas bubbles, dark brown watery

Front 657

describe the lesion of gangrene

Back 657

has a thick discharge fould odor-gas bubbles, dark brown watery

Front 658

NAME
this has a thick discharge, foul odor=gas bubbles, dark brown watery

Back 658

gangrene

Front 659

what is the treatment for gangrene?

Back 659

prevention and anti-infective agents amputation

Front 660

NAME
this is a common noscomial infections

Back 660

pseudomonas

Front 661

what are some types of pseudomonos? (5)

Back 661

(1)CNS (2)ear (3)sinus (4)head trauma /open skin and (5)soft tissue bone and joints

Front 662

What is pseudomonoas>

Back 662

is a common type of noscomial infection

Front 663

NAME
this is a common type of noscomial infection

Back 663

pseudomonoas

Front 664

what does CMV stand for?

Back 664

cytomegalovirus

Front 665

how is CMV transmitted?

Back 665

by human contact w urine, breast milk, feces, blood transplanted organs, very common w AIDS

Front 666

how does CMV spread?

Back 666

lymphatic system

Front 667

To r F
normal adult infection w CMV is asymptomatic

Back 667

true

Front 668

NAME
this is a snyrdome that spurpesses the immune system which allows for a variety of opportunistic infections

Back 668

AIDS

Front 669

AIDS suppreses the immune system which why people w AIDS are more susceptable to (1)

Back 669

opportunistic infection (fungal)

Front 670

what are some tests used to find out if a person has AIDS? (3)

Back 670

antibody test-ELISA (2)Western blot test (3)viral load test

Front 671

Describe ELISA? (3)

Back 671

antibody test (2)the ELISA needs to be done twice (3)if postive on both tests more tested are needed

Front 672

what specfic cells does HIV affect?

Back 672

CD4 lymphocytes

Front 673

NAME
this disease specfically affects CD4 lymphocytes

Back 673

HIV

Front 674

NAME
this indicates the diagnosis of AIDS and HIV +

Back 674

dx of HIV + and CD4 lymphocytes count less than 200

Front 675

Dx of HIV and CD4 lymphocytes count of less than 200 indicates (1)

Back 675

AIDS

Front 676

NAME
this is indicated by HIV + and w CD4 count less than 400

Back 676

HIV +

Front 677

what are some inficator conditions of HIV? (16)

Back 677

(1)candidiasis (2)invasive cervical cancer (3)coccidiodmyocisis (4)cryptomcoccosis (5)cryptsporidosis (6)CMV (7)encephalopathy (8)ptohtrddibr multifocal leukoencephalopathy (9)histaplasmosis (10)isosporiasis (11)Kaposi sacroma (12)lymphomas (13)pneumocystic carinii phneumona (14)wasting syndrome (15)toxoaplasmosis of the brain (16_salmonella septicemia

Front 678

Describe the disease process of AIDS? (7)

Back 678

(1)infection (2)seroconversion (3)asymptomatic HIV infections (4)persistent generalized lymphadenoapthy (PgL) (5)sympathatic HIV infection (6)AIDS (7)death

Front 679

what does PgL stand for?

Back 679

persistent generalized lymphadenoapthy

Front 680

NAME
the cause of this unkown but it beleived to be an action of the hiV

Back 680

wasting snydrom

Front 681

what is the wasting syndrome?

Back 681

rapid unexplained weight loss of 10% of body weight w persistant fever over 100 for at least 30 days w unexplained diarherea, fatigue, and listneess

Front 682

NAME
this involves rapid unexplained weight loss of 10% of body weight w persistant fever over 100 for at least 30 days w unexplained diarherea, fatigue, and listneess

Back 682

wasting syndrome

Front 683

NAME
this is a progressive intellectual, motor and behavorial deterioration

Back 683

AIDS dementia

Front 684

NAME
this is usally the most horrifying for the patients w HIV

Back 684

AIDS dementia

Front 685

what does CMV stand for?

Back 685

cytomegalovirus

Front 686

NAME
this impacts the eyes (spots on the retina), lungs causing pneumonia, and cirrhosis

Back 686

CMV

Front 687

what is the treatment for the wasting syndromes?

Back 687

anti-diarhea pills

Front 688

what does KS stand for?

Back 688

kaposi's sacroma

Front 689

what is kp?

Back 689

rare distubrance of the skin's blood vessels that first appear as small blue violet to brownish lesions on the trunk, arms, head, and neck and later develops into ulcerating sores or invades the lungs and other organs

Front 690

NAME
this is a rare distubrance of the skin's blood vessels that first appear as small blue violet to brownish lesions on the trunk, arms, head, and neck and later develops into ulcerating sores or invades the lungs and other organs

Back 690

kp

Front 691

Candidias is also called (1)

Back 691

thrush

Front 692

(1)is also called candidias

Back 692

thrush

Front 693

what is candidias?

Back 693

a oppoturnistic yeast infection that moves down the throat

Front 694

NAME
a oppoturnistic yeast infection that moves down the throat

Back 694

cnadidiasis

Front 695

what is cryptococcal meningitis?

Back 695

is a fungus infection that infects the covering of the nerves, leading to serious peripheral nerve problems

Front 696

nAME
this is a fungus infectio nthat infects the nerve covering-leading to serious peripheral nerve problems

Back 696

cryptococcal meningitis

Front 697

what does HSV stand for?

Back 697

chronic herpes simplix

Front 698

what are some AIDS/opportunistic infections? (8)

Back 698

(1)candidias (2)HSV (3)HIstoplsmosis (4)maligancies such as non-Hoodgkins lymphomas (5)Pelvic inflammatory diseases (6)disseminated tb (7)toxoplasmosis gondii (8)cryptosporidosis

Front 699

CONT FROM HERE

Back 699

CONT FROM HERE

Front 700

CONT FROM HERE

Back 700

CONT FROM HERE

Front 701

what is a normal intiation for SA?

Back 701

70 beats per minute

Front 702

What does SA stand for?

Back 702

sinoartial

Front 703

what is tachycarida?

Back 703

is an irregulr heart beat

Front 704

NAME
this is an irregular heart beat

Back 704

tachcardia

Front 705

what are some types of heart Arrhythmias? (7)

Back 705

(1)Brady/tachcycardia (2)premature Atrial contractions (3)artial flutter (4)heart block (5)V-tach (6)PVC (7)ventricular fibriliation

Front 706

what does V tach stand for?

Back 706

ventricular tachycardia

Front 707

what does PVC stand for?

Back 707

premature ventricular contractions

Front 708

Describe the cardiac cycle

Back 708

(1)artias fill (2)AV values open (3)atrias contract (4)ventricles fill (5)ventricles begin to contract and AV valve closes (6)semilunar valve opens (7)blood flows into the pulmonary artery or aorta

Front 709

what is the cardiac output?

Back 709

vol of blood supply ejected by the ventricle in one min

Front 710

NAME
this is the vol of blood supply enjected by the ventricle in one min

Back 710

cardiac output

Front 711

sometimes (1)can cause strokes

Back 711

A fib

Front 712

what does A fib stand for?

Back 712

atrial flutter fibriliation

Front 713

What is heart block ?

Back 713

is when the conduction is delayed at the bundle of Hi

Front 714

NAME
this when the condution is delayed at the bundle of HIS

Back 714

heart block

Front 715

what is PVC?

Back 715

is when the ventricles are not contracting ...only allowing hal f the normal blood supply through

Front 716

NAME
this is whne the ventricles are not contracting--they are only allowing half of the normal blood supply through

Back 716

PVC

Front 717

How many PVC is ok when doing therapy?

Back 717

4 per min

Front 718

When doing therapy (1)per min is bad

Back 718

over 5

Front 719

what v fib?

Back 719

is when the muscles are not contracting

Front 720

what is v fib stand for?

Back 720

ventricular fibriliation

Front 721

NAME
this is when the muscles are not contracting

Back 721

v fib

Front 722

NAME
this is depedent on stroke vol and heart rate

Back 722

cardaic output

Front 723

Cardiac output is dependent on (1)and (2)

Back 723

stroke vol and heart rate

Front 724

Stroke volume depends on (1)

Back 724

sympathetic stimulation and venous return

Front 725

NAME
this depends on sympathetic stimulation and venous return

Back 725

stroke volume

Front 726

what is the cardiac reserve?

Back 726

ability of the heart to respond w greater output

Front 727

NAMe
this is the ability of the heart to respond to w greater output

Back 727

cardiac reserve

Front 728

what happens when the blood vessels vasodilated?

Back 728

decreased O2 levels, increased pH (3)increase in CO2

Front 729

Release of histamine or increase in temp will increase(1)

Back 729

vasodilation

Front 730

what happens w. vasocontriction?

Back 730

noneprinephrine or epinephrine is released

Front 731

what is pericardais?

Back 731

inflammation of the pericardial layer of the heart

Front 732

NAME
this is the inflammation of the pericardial layer of the haert

Back 732

pericardias

Front 733

What else does pericardias do to the body? (2)

Back 733

causes increased pressure on the heart (2)increased cardaic output

Front 734

What is blood pressure dependent on> (2)

Back 734

cardaic output (2)peripheral resistance

Front 735

nAME
this is depedent on cardaic output and peripheral resistance

Back 735

blood pressure

Front 736

Blood pressure is resistance on (1)and (2)

Back 736

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Front 737

Blood pressure is elevated by the (1)NS

Back 737

sympathetic

Front 738

the sympathetic nervous system elevates the (1)

Back 738

blood pressure

Front 739

NAME (2)
this can also increase blood pressure

Back 739

ADH and aldosterone

Front 740

what does ADH stand for?

Back 740

antideutric hormone

Front 741

how does the sympathic NS increase blood pressure? (3)

Back 741

(1)Epinephrine acts on beta-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate (2)epinephrine and nonepinephrine increase vasoconstriction in the periphery and increase venous return (3)ADH and aldosterone increase blood volume and increased blood pressure

Front 742

what does ECG stand for?

Back 742

electrocardiogram

Front 743

what is a ECG?

Back 743

machine that monitors the arrhythmias, MI, infection, and pericarditis

Front 744

NAME
this machine that monitors that arrthymias, MI, infection, and pericarditis

Back 744

ECG

Front 745

what does MI stand for?

Back 745

myocardial infarction

Front 746

what is the cardiac catherization?

Back 746

cather is inserted into the femoral A to the Aorta to Coronary Arteries

Front 747

NAME
This is when the cather is inserted into the femoral A to the Aorta to Coronary Arteries

Back 747

cardaic cathererization

Front 748

what is a angiogram?

Back 748

is when dye is inserted to the heart

Front 749

NAME
this is when dye is inserted

Back 749

angiogram

Front 750

what are some precautions with someone w regular heart monitor? (4)

Back 750

mostly bedside activtie (2)limited to movement around bed (3)dressing and bathing limited bc of all the lines (4)use of electric such as electric razor can mess about the reading

Front 751

what are some types of heart monitors that heart pts may have? (3)

Back 751

(1)regular monitor (2)telemetry (3)holtermonitor

Front 752

what are some telemetry precautions? (3)

Back 752

(1)talk to nurse first about what can do (2)bathing/electric razor can mess up monitor (3)must ask permission to move off of floor

Front 753

whaat is the Hoter monitor?

Back 753

is like necklace that measures heart rate...pts usally have to record a jounral of activties..can go anywhere

Front 754

NAME
this is like a necklace that measures heart rate..pts usally have to record a journal of activties

Back 754

Hoter monitor

Front 755

T or F
Pts w the Hoter monitor have to be on bedrest

Back 755

false

Front 756

why do people w Hoter monitor have to keep a jounral?

Back 756

trying to firgue out what activties cause the heart rate to increase

Front 757

what are some precautions w cardiac cather? (3)

Back 757

(1)bleed from femoral artery (2)flexion of the hips (3)keep in bed (on bed rest)

Front 758

what are some precuations for angiogram? (3)

Back 758

(1)bleed from femoral artery (2)flexion of the hips (3)keep in bed (on bed rest)

Front 759

what is the orthostatic hypertension?

Back 759

is when the blood pressure changes when someone goes from laying down to standing or sitting up--resulting in them becoming dizzy/lightheaded

Front 760

NAME
this is when the blood pressure changes when someone goes from laying down to standing up or sitting--resulting in them feeling dizzy/lightheaded

Back 760

orthostatic hypertension

Front 761

what is paplitations?

Back 761

is when the client is aware of irregular heart beat

Front 762

NAME
this refers to when the client is aware of irregular heart beat

Back 762

paplitations

Front 763

what are some general treatments for people w cardiac disorders? (4)

Back 763

lifestyle changes such as (1)die t (2)excerise (3)no smoking (4)drug therapy

Front 764

the parasympathic NS (1)the heart rate

Back 764

decreases

Front 765

what are some types of drugs used for cardiac disorders? (8)

Back 765

(1)vasodilators (2)beta blockers (3)Ca channel blockers (4)nitrates (5)cardiac glycosides (6)dieutrics (7)anticoagulants (8)cholesterol or lipid lowering drugs

Front 766

what are some types of drugs used for cardiac disorders? (8)

Back 766

(1)vasodilators (2)beta blockers (3)Ca channel blockers (4)nitrates (5)cardiac glycosides (6)dieutrics (7)anticoagulants (8)cholesterol or lipid lowering drugs

Front 767

what are some side effects you should be aware of for vasodilaters? (3)

Back 767

orthostatic hypertension (2)tachycardia (3)palpitations

Front 768

what are some side effects you should be aware of for beta blockers?

Back 768

(1)bradycardia (3)impotence (3)weakness

Front 769

what are some side effects you should be aware of for Ca Channel blockers?

Back 769

orthostatic hypertension

Front 770

what are some side effects you should be aware of for Cardiac glycosides?

Back 770

anorexia (2)nausea

Front 771

what are some side effects you should be aware of for nitrates?

Back 771

headache (2)orthostatic hypertension

Front 772

what are some side effects you should be aware of for dieutrics?(3)

Back 772

orthostatic hypertension (2)dedydration (3)muscle spasms

Front 773

what are some side effects you should be aware of for anticoagulants? (3)

Back 773

hermorrhage (2)nausea (3)abdominal cramps

Front 774

what are some side effects you should be aware of for cholestral or lipid lowering drugs?

Back 774

liver faliure

Front 775

how do beta blockers work?

Back 775

the block sympathic response-thus slow down the heart rate

Front 776

nAME
this drug blocks the sympathetic response-thus slowing down the heart rate

Back 776

beta blockers

Front 777

the parasympathic (1)the heart rate while the sympathetic (2)heart rate

Back 777

(1)decreases (2)increases

Front 778

the parasympathetic (1) heart rate

Back 778

decreases

Front 779

NAME
this NS descreases

Back 779

heart rate

Front 780

what are anticoagulants?

Back 780

thin the blood

Front 781

NAME
this drug thins the blood

Back 781

anticoagulants

Front 782

T or F
many of the cardaic pts will not be anticoagulants

Back 782

false

Front 783

many of the cardiac pts will be on (1)

Back 783

anticoagulants

Front 784

what are some precautions-for cardaic pts anticoagulants?

Back 784

no sharps..do not want to take the change of cutting themselves....such as razors

Front 785

if a cardiac pt is lightheaded you should (1)

Back 785

take their blood pressure

Front 786

what is angina?

Back 786

refers to chest pain

Front 787

NAME
this refers to chest pain

Back 787

angina

Front 788

what is the best position to put someone in?

Back 788

45 degrees position

Front 789

what is dyspnea?

Back 789

pts perception of breath

Front 790

NAME
this pts perception of their breath

Back 790

dyspnea

Front 791

what is SOB?

Back 791

is the observer's observation of the client's breath

Front 792

NAME
this is the observer's observation of the client's breath

Back 792

SOB

Front 793

what is the differ btwn SOB and dyspnea? (2)

Back 793

(1)dyspnea-is pts perception of breath (2)SOB-observer's observation of the client's breath

Front 794

what position should the cardaic pt be in?

Back 794

orthopnea

Front 795

what is orthopnea?

Back 795

need for cardiac 45 degrees

Front 796

NAME
this need for the cardiac pt to be at 45 degrees

Back 796

orthopnea

Front 797

what is diaphoesis?

Back 797

is uncontrolled sweating

Front 798

NAME
this is uncontrolled sweating

Back 798

diaphoesis

Front 799

what are some signs and symptoms of the cardiac disease? (9)

Back 799

(1)angina (2)dyspnea (3)orhopnea -lying supine/number of pillows (4)nausea (5)diaphoersis (6)fatigue (7)cerebral signs- ataxia, dizziness, confusion, and syncope (8)Orthostatic hypertension

Front 800

Dyspnea at rest and resting resiratory over (1)breath per min is a sign of acute CHF or emergency

Back 800

30

Front 801

NAME
this is a drop in systolic blood pressure greater than 10 HG w change in position

Back 801

orthostatic hypertension

Front 802

Coronary artery disease is also called the (1)

Back 802

ischemic heart disease

Front 803

(1)is also called Ischemic heart disease

Back 803

Coronary artery disease

Front 804

NAME
this drug thins the blood

Back 804

anticoaglant

Front 805

what is arteriosclerosis?

Back 805

is a general term for degenerative changes such when the blood vessels loose its elsticity or the walls become thick or lumen becomes small

Front 806

NAME
this is a general term for degenerative changes such when the blood vessels loose its elsticity or the walls become thick or lumen becomes small

Back 806

arteriosclersosis

Front 807

what are some other factors that can increase your chances of ischemic heart disease? (9)

Back 807

(1)age over 40 (2)men (3)genetic (4)obesity (5)diets high in cholestral/fat (6)smoking (7)secondary life style (8)diabetes (9)oral contraceptives

Front 808

what does CAD stand for?

Back 808

coronary artery disease

Front 809

what are some general treatments for CAD? (6)

Back 809

lower serum cholestral and LDL levels (2)decrease sodium intake (3)control diabetes or hypertension (4)cease smoking (5)if, thrombus..use anticoagulant (6)surgery

Front 810

what are some types of surgury for CAD? (2)

Back 810

angioplasty (2)CABG

Front 811

what is an emboli?

Back 811

is clot that where used to lung

Front 812

NAME
this is blood clot goes to the lung

Back 812

emboli

Front 813

what is thrombus?

Back 813

is plague in the blood vessel walsl

Front 814

NAME
this is when plague in the walls blocks blood flow

Back 814

thrombus

Front 815

what is hemorrhage ?

Back 815

is when the blood vessel breaks

Front 816

NAME
this is when the blood vessel breaks

Back 816

hemorrhage

Front 817

what is the angioplasty?

Back 817

is when the balloon is inserted through the femoral artery to the coronary artery to break up plague and placement of a stint

Front 818

NAME
this is when the balloon is inserted through the femoral artery to the coronary artery to break up plague and placement of a stint

Back 818

angioplasty

Front 819

what are some precautions for someone w an angioplasty?

Back 819

(1)bedside rest (2)no flexion of the hip (3)bleed from the femoral artery

Front 820

what does CABG stand for?

Back 820

coronary artery bypass graft

Front 821

what is CABG?

Back 821

is when the mamillary or other veins are used to replace /restore coronary arteries

Front 822

NAME
this is when the mamillary or other veins are used to replace/restore coronary arteries

Back 822

CABG

Front 823

What usally happens after CABG?

Back 823

have kidney problems

Front 824

Usally after this type of surgery, the patients have kidney problems

Back 824

CABG

Front 825

what are some precautions for some one w broken sternum?

Back 825

bc pecs attached at the sternum keep these in mind (1)keep shoulder at 90 degrees (2)no push or pull (3)no lifting (4)have low endurance-so keep METs low (5)use log roll

Front 826

what is log roll?

Back 826

is rolling whole body over at the same time

Front 827

NAME
this is rolling the whole body over at the same time

Back 827

log roll

Front 828

what are some precautions for CABG? (4)

Back 828

(1)keep shoulder at 90 degres intially (2)no push, pull, or lifting (3)keep METs level low or docs orders (4)use log roll

Front 829

what is angina pectoris?

Back 829

is a deficit of O2 to the heart muscle w tight pressure

Front 830

NAME
this is a deficit of O2 to the heart muscle

Back 830

angina pectoris

Front 831

what is angina?

Back 831

refesr to chest pain

Front 832

NAME
this refers to chest pain

Back 832

angina

Front 833

what can cause angina pectorsis? (6)

Back 833

atheroscelrosis (2)arterioscleorsis (3)vasopsams (4)myocardial hypertrophy (5)severe anemia (6)heart disease

Front 834

what are some signs and symptoms of angina pectoris? (3)

Back 834

(1)intermittent breif episodes of substernal pain (2)physical or emotional triggers (3)pain is desribed as a tight pressure in the chest and may radiate down the neck and left arm

Front 835

what are some treatments for angina? (5)

Back 835

(1)rest/stop activity (2)seat pt upright (3)nitroglycerin sublingually (4)check pulse and respiration (5)adminsotr O2

Front 836

T or F
a 2nd dosage of nitroglycerin can be administered in 5mins..afer three doses in less than 10 mins it should be considered a heart attack if someone is known to have angina

Back 836

true

Front 837

when giving nitrates or nitroglycerin when should the angina be considered a heart attack? (2)

Back 837

2nd dosage can be given in 5 mins...after 3 doses in less than 10 mins it should be considered a heart attack (3)for somone w no history of angina should be treated as MI after 2nd dosage

Front 838

what is MI?

Back 838

is when the coronary artery is obstructed leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death

Front 839

NAME
this when the coronary artery is obstructed leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death

Back 839

MI

Front 840

MI is also called (1)

Back 840

heart attack

Front 841

(1)is also called heart attack

Back 841

MI

Front 842

what does CHF stand for?

Back 842

congestive heart failure

Front 843

what are some signs and symptoms of MI? (6)

Back 843

(1)feeling of pressure, heaviness, burning in the chest esp w increased activity (2)SOB, sweating, weakness, and fatigue (3)nausea, indigestion (4)anxiety/fear (5)hypotension w rapid pulse (6)low grade fever

Front 844

what are some diagnostic tests for MI? (6)

Back 844

(1)ECG (2)serum enzymes and iscoenzymes (3)serum levels myosin and trophin elevated (4)electrolytes abnomral -esp sodium and potassium (5)arterial blood gases (6)pulmonary artery pressure measurement for ventricular function

Front 845

what are some treatments for MI?

Back 845

(1)dpends on the site and size of the infarct, presnece of collateral circulation an time eplasped before treatment

Front 846

what is collateral circulation?

Back 846

is when the body tries to repair /restore blood flow by bpass blockage and using an alternative route for blood supply

Front 847

NAME
this is when the body tries to repair /restore blood flow by bpass blockage and using an alternative route for blood supply

Back 847

collateral circulation

Front 848

what is CHF ?

Back 848

is when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood supply to the needs of the body

Front 849

NAME
this is when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood supply to the needs of the heart

Back 849

CHF

Front 850

CHF can be either (1)or (2)

Back 850

left or right

Front 851

what is left sided CHF? (4)

Back 851

(1)ventricular infarction, aortic valuve stenosis, hypertenion, hyperthyriodism (2)dcreased cardaic output and pulomary congestion (3)fatigue, weakness, dysnpea, (4)orthopnea, cough, SOB, and hemoptysis

Front 852

what is the differ btwn left and right CHF

Back 852

LEFT CHF
is when the body tries to repair /restore blood flow by bpass blockage and using an alternative route for blood supply

RIGHT CHF
(1)infaraction in right ventricle, pulomary valve stenssis, pulmonary disease (2)decreased cardaic output, systematic congestion, and edema of hte legs and abdomen (3)fatigue, dyspnea, excerise intolerance (4)dependent edema, distended neck veins, headache, and flushed face

Front 853

Describe a right CHF?

Back 853

RIGHT CHF
(1)infaraction in right ventricle, pulomary valve stenssis, pulmonary disease (2)decreased cardaic output, systematic congestion, and edema of hte legs and abdomen (3)fatigue, dyspnea, excerise intolerance (4)dependent edema, distended neck veins, headache, and flushed face

Front 854

What is the leading cause of CHF?

Back 854

CAD

Front 855

CAD is the leading cause of (1)

Back 855

CHF

Front 856

NAME
this is the leading cause of CHF

Back 856

CAD

Front 857

what is a diagnosistic test for CHF?

Back 857

cardiomegaly

Front 858

what is cardiomegaly?

Back 858

enlarged heart

Front 859

what are some congential heart disease conditions? (3)

Back 859

(1)cardiac anomailies (2)congential heart disease (3)acyanotic and cyanotic conidtions

Front 860

Pulmale has to do w (1)

Back 860

hypertension

Front 861

what are clubbed fingers?

Back 861

bump at end...see drawing

Front 862

what is ischemic?

Back 862

is tissue w out O2

Front 863

what are some signs and symptoms of congenital defects? (7)

Back 863

(1)pallor and syanosis (2)tachy (3)dysnpea (4)tolder and older adults children assume squating position to modify the blood flow (5)clubbed fingers (6)intolerance to activity and cold weather (7)delayed growth and development

Front 864

what is important to note about abdominal aortic aneurysim?

Back 864

complication that can cause damage to Spinal cord bc blocks O2 and nerves...usally wake up paraplegic

Front 865

NAME
this can cause damage to nerves in the Spinal cord bc of blocked blood flow.....they usally wake up paraplegic

Back 865

abdominal aneuruysims

Front 866

what does PVD stand for?

Back 866

peripheral vascular damage

Front 867

what is PVD?

Back 867

is thrombus that results in multi-amputatiosn

Front 868

NAME
this is thrombus that results in multi-amputations

Back 868

PVD

Front 869

what is a deep vein thrombus?

Back 869

a blood clot in the vein such as in the legs

Front 870

NAME
this is a blood clot in the vein such as in legs

Back 870

deep vein thrombus

Front 871

what is one precaution about deep vein thrombus?

Back 871

do not move them

Front 872

what is cartoid endarterectomy?

Back 872

is when the brain is not getting enough O2 bc of plague

Front 873

NAME
this is when the brain is not getting enough O2 bc of plague

Back 873

cartoid endarterectomy

Front 874

For deep vein thrombus, and cartoid endartectomy, how do the y fix the problem?

Back 874

use ballon to clean out the blockage

Front 875

what is cardiac tamponade?

Back 875

is fluid build up around the heart

Front 876

NAME
this is fluid build up around the heart

Back 876

cardiac tamponade

Front 877

what is pericarditis?

Back 877

inflammation of the pericardium

Front 878

NAME
this inflammation of the pericardium

Back 878

pericarditis

Front 879

what is cardiomyopathy?

Back 879

enlargement of the heart

Front 880

NAME
this is enlargement of the heart

Back 880

cardiomyopathy

Front 881

what is cor pulmonale?

Back 881

is build up fluid on the lungs due to congestion causing pulmonary hypertension

Front 882

NAME
this is the build up of fluid on the lungs due to congestion causing pulomary hypertension

Back 882

cor pulmonale

Front 883

STOPED HERE

Back 883

STOPPED HERE

Front 884

what is surfactant?

Back 884

reduces surface tension and promotes expansion

Front 885

NAMe
this drug reduces surface tension and promotes expansion

Back 885

surfactant

Front 886

what is cyanosis?

Back 886

is when the skin turns blue bc of lack of O2

Front 887

NAMe
this is when the skin turns blue bc of lack of O2

Back 887

cyanosis

Front 888

when does infant respiratory distress syndrome?start to occur?

Back 888

during the 3rd trimester.

Front 889

what happens to infants udring the 3rd trimester who have infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 889

alevor surface area and lung vascularty increase

Front 890

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 890

refer to premature infants that have diffuciltiy breathing

Front 891

People w infant respiratory distress syndrome? need (1)

Back 891

surfactant

Front 892

NAME
people w this usually need surfactant. w out, it they would die

Back 892

infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Front 893

infant respiratory distress syndrome is a (1)type of disease

Back 893

hyaline membrane disease

Front 894

what will happen to babies who have infant respiratory distress syndrome who do not get surfactant?

Back 894

typically the lungs will collapse during expiration requiring ncessary breathes to re-inflate the lungs

Front 895

when is a baby considered to be respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 895

rate of over 60 breaths a min, nasal flaring subcostal and intercostal and intercostal retraction, rales, and low body temp

Front 896

what is the treatment for infant respiratory distress? (4)

Back 896

(1)prevent premature birth (2)corticosteriods given to mother during premature labor to benefit the premature infant (3)synethic surfactant (4)mechanical ventilation and O2 therapy

Front 897

the rate of perceived exertion is also called the (1)

Back 897

Borg scale

Front 898

(1)is also called the Borg scale

Back 898

the rate of perceived exertion

Front 899

describe how the Borg scale rates energy level of activites?

Back 899

on a scale of 6 (lowest) to 19 (highest)
6=no exertion
9-very light
13-somewhat hard but ok to cont
15-very hard...strenous work but can still go on
17-very hard...strenuous work you can still go on but you have to push yourself
19-exteremely strenuous..most strenuous that you have every experienced

Front 900

the Borg Scale is from to (1)to (2)

Back 900

6 (no exertion) to 19 (extremely strenous ....most strenous that you have experienced

Front 901

what is dyspnea index?

Back 901

this involves having the client count the number breathes they take while counting to 15 sds.

Front 902

NAME
this involves having the client count the number breathes they take while counting to 15 sds.

Back 902

dyspnea index

Front 903

during the dyspnea index, the client takes 0-1 breathes.

what can conclude?

Back 903

the client is ok to increase activity level

Front 904

during the dyspnea index, the client takes 1-2 breathes, what can you conclude?

Back 904

the client needs to stay at the same excerise level

Front 905

during the dyspnea index, the client takes over 2 breathes.
what can you conclude?

Back 905

the client needs to decrease excerise level and cool down

Front 906

describe how the MET scale (4) look up in book /notes for further detail

Back 906

(1)3-4 METs=low energy
(2)5-7 METs
(3)7-9 METS
(4)9 or more METs

Front 907

what are some breathing techniques?

Back 907

(1)pursed lip breathing (2)diaphramatic breathing

Front 908

NAME
some types of this include pursed lip breathing and diaphramatic breathing

Back 908

breathing techiniques

Front 909

what are some signs of ex cerise intolerance? (10)

Back 909

(1)chest discomfort (2)pain or funny feeling above the belly button lasting more than one min and not relieved w motion or breathing (3)light headednes, dizzness, or loss of balance (4)SOB lasting more than 10 mins (5)nausea or vomiting (6)leg problems:weakness, swelling or unusual pain (7)fatigue:beyond ordianry tiredness (8)pallor (9)irregular heart beat or palpatations (10)cold sweat

Front 910

what is pallor?

Back 910

pale or mottled skin

Front 911

NAME
this refers to pale or mottled skin

Back 911

pallor

Front 912

NAME
some signs of this include (1)chest discomfort (2)pain or funny feeling above the belly button lasting more than one min and not relieved w motion or breathing (3)light headednes, dizzness, or loss of balance (4)SOB lasting more than 10 mins (5)nausea or vomiting (6)leg problems:weakness, swelling or unusual pain (7)fatigue:beyond ordianry tiredness (8)pallor (9)irregular heart beat or palpatations (10)cold sweat

Back 912

excerise intolerance

Front 913

what are the components of a sound excerise program?

Back 913

(1)warm up (2)conditioning (3)cool down

Front 914

what is the warm up section of an sound excerise program?

Back 914

3-5 mins of low intensity activity such as slow walking/stretching

Front 915

what is the conditioning section of the sound exercise program?

Back 915

20 to 45 mins of aerobic exercise such as brisking/cycling

Front 916

what is the cool down section of the sound exercise program?

Back 916

3-5 mins of low intensity activity such as slow walking and stretching

Front 917

what are some Dos for exercising? (6)q

Back 917

(1)wear loose fiting clothing (2)comfortable shoes (3)wait one hour after eating before exercising (3)warm up and cool down (4)wear mask on cold windy days (5)make exercise a lifetime commitement (6)reward yourself

Front 918

what are some donts for exercising?(5)

Back 918

(1)excerise outside if its is colder than 32 degrees (2)exercise outside if it is hotter than 90 degrees (3)excerise outside if its very humid (4)excerise if its windy (5)dont exercise if you are fighting a cold/virus/or have a temp

Front 919

how can you increase endurance of a client?

Back 919

use a progressive resistive excerise program

Front 920

NAME
this is one way to increase a client's endurance level

Back 920

progressive resistive exercise program

Front 921

describe how the MET scale (4) look up in book /notes for further detail

Back 921

(1)3-4 METs=low energy
(2)5-7 METs
(3)7-9 METS
(4)9 or more METs

Front 922

what are some breathing techniques?

Back 922

(1)pursed lip breathing (2)diaphramatic breathing

Front 923

NAME
some types of this include pursed lip breathing and diaphramatic breathing

Back 923

breathing techiniques

Front 924

what are some signs of ex cerise intolerance? (10)

Back 924

(1)chest discomfort (2)pain or funny feeling above the belly button lasting more than one min and not relieved w motion or breathing (3)light headednes, dizzness, or loss of balance (4)SOB lasting more than 10 mins (5)nausea or vomiting (6)leg problems:weakness, swelling or unusual pain (7)fatigue:beyond ordianry tiredness (8)pallor (9)irregular heart beat or palpatations (10)cold sweat

Front 925

what is pallor?

Back 925

pale or mottled skin

Front 926

NAME
this refers to pale or mottled skin

Back 926

pallor

Front 927

NAME
some signs of this include (1)chest discomfort (2)pain or funny feeling above the belly button lasting more than one min and not relieved w motion or breathing (3)light headednes, dizzness, or loss of balance (4)SOB lasting more than 10 mins (5)nausea or vomiting (6)leg problems:weakness, swelling or unusual pain (7)fatigue:beyond ordianry tiredness (8)pallor (9)irregular heart beat or palpatations (10)cold sweat

Back 927

excerise intolerance

Front 928

what are the components of a sound excerise program?

Back 928

(1)warm up (2)conditioning (3)cool down

Front 929

what is the warm up section of an sound excerise program?

Back 929

3-5 mins of low intensity activity such as slow walking/stretching

Front 930

what is the conditioning section of the sound exercise program?

Back 930

20 to 45 mins of aerobic exercise such as brisking/cycling

Front 931

what is the cool down section of the sound exercise program?

Back 931

3-5 mins of low intensity activity such as slow walking and stretching

Front 932

what are some Dos for exercising? (6)q

Back 932

(1)wear loose fiting clothing (2)comfortable shoes (3)wait one hour after eating before exercising (3)warm up and cool down (4)wear mask on cold windy days (5)make exercise a lifetime commitement (6)reward yourself

Front 933

what are some donts for exercising?(5)

Back 933

(1)excerise outside if its is colder than 32 degrees (2)exercise outside if it is hotter than 90 degrees (3)excerise outside if its very humid (4)excerise if its windy (5)dont exercise if you are fighting a cold/virus/or have a temp

Front 934

how can you increase endurance of a client?

Back 934

use a progressive resistive excerise program

Front 935

NAME
this is one way to increase a client's endurance level

Back 935

progressive resistive exercise program

Front 936

Describe how the progressive resistance exercise program works? (2)

Back 936

(1)establish a baseline of IR, BP and respiration........looking at signs of exercise intolerance, signs of mm fatigue/subsituation, number of rest periods, number of repetitions, number of sets, number of resistance (2)increase activity as client tolerates it .....by increasing reps or adding additional sets (20x), when achieved, add resistance (1-2)and decrease reps/sets, then increase reps or sets at the new weight level, and repeat cycle

Front 937

Describe how the progressive resistance exercise program works? (2)

Back 937

(1)establish a baseline of IR, BP and respiration........looking at signs of exercise intolerance, signs of mm fatigue/subsituation, number of rest periods, number of repetitions, number of sets, number of resistance (2)increase activity as client tolerates it .....by increasing reps or adding additional sets (20x), when achieved, add resistance (1-2)and decrease reps/sets, then increase reps or sets at the new weight level, and repeat cycle

Front 938

the progressive resistive endurance program can be used for IDALS and ADLS by (1)

Back 938

having them do purposeful activties but do the above as well

Front 939

when working on endurance while doing ADLs and IADLs, what is one important thing to do?

Back 939

modify the environment such as temp while showering and bathing (2)adapt the evironment to allow for convenievnce

Front 940

what are some ways to improve client's endurance?(4)

Back 940

(1)progresive resistive excerise (2)use a progressive resistive excerise program but have them do purposeful activities instead (3)modify the environment such as by lowering temp while showering and adapt the environment to allow for convenience (4)work simplification and energy conservation principles

Front 941

what are some ways to improve client's endurance?(4)

Back 941

(1)progresive resistive excerise (2)use a progressive resistive excerise program but have them do purposeful activities instead (3)modify the environment such as by lowering temp while showering and adapt the environment to allow for convenience (4)work simplification and energy conservation principles

Front 942

what are some ways for WSEC? (7)

Back 942

(1)plan activites and set priorities (2)plan ahead for the day and be flexible (3)take frequent breaks (4)balance your day btwn light and heavy work (5)avoid rushing and trying to "beat the clock" (6)divide the long jobs into several shorter tasks (7)allow time for work, rest, and leisure--all 3 are equal important

Front 943

what are tips for indvls to WSEC? (7)

Back 943

(1)plan activites and set priorities (2)plan ahead for the day and be flexible (3)take frequent breaks (4)balance your day btwn light and heavy work (5)avoid rushing and trying to "beat the clock" (6)divide the long jobs into several shorter tasks (7)allow time for work, rest, and leisure--all 3 are equal important

Front 944

What tips indvils for WSEC stand for?

Back 944

work simplification and energy conservation

Front 945

what is the biggest way to adapt someone routine w low endurance?

Back 945

WSEC

Front 946

what are some body mechanics for WSEC? (7)

Back 946

(1)sit to work (2)use good posture and avoid slumping (3)use large strong muscle groups instead of weaker smaller groups (4)life w knees instead of back (5)exhale during strenous part and inhale less strenous (6)work at proper heights (7)AVOIDS straining such as by pushing heavy objects, opening tight jars, and straining during a bowel movements

Front 947

what are some body mechanics for WSEC? (7)

Back 947

(1)sit to work (2)use good posture and avoid slumping (3)use large strong muscle groups instead of weaker smaller groups (4)life w knees instead of back (5)exhale during strenous part and inhale less strenous (6)work at proper heights (7)AVOIDS straining such as by pushing heavy objects, opening tight jars, and straining during a bowel movements

Front 948

what are some ways to simplify tasks? (6)

Back 948

(1)sit to work when possible (2)carry items w both hands or slide item along counter top (3)sit w arms supported while you work. never work w hands higher than shoulder level (4)push instead of pull (5)anaylze the tasks to be done and eliminate any unecessary steps (6)combine operations (cook and serve in the same dish)

Front 949

what are some ways to simplify tasks? (6)

Back 949

(1)sit to work when possible (2)carry items w both hands or slide item along counter top (3)sit w arms supported while you work. never work w hands higher than shoulder level (4)push instead of pull (5)anaylze the tasks to be done and eliminate any unecessary steps (6)combine operations (cook and serve in the same dish)

Front 950

which takes more effort--push or pulling a object?

Back 950

pulling

Front 951

which takes the least amount of energy--pushing or pulling?

Back 951

pushing

Front 952

T or F
pull instead of push bc it takes less effort when doing WSEC

Back 952

false

Front 953

in order to complete WSEC, what are some activities that SHOULD be AVOIDED? (3)

Back 953

()heaving pushing or lifting (2)opening tight jars (3)straining during bowel movement

Front 954

What are some ways that the environment can be modified for WSEC?

Back 954

(1)work in well lighted area (2)proper ventalition such as in the bathroom (3)avoid extremes in temp and humidity (4)wear comfortable clothing (5)place more used items in the easiest to reach shelves and drawers and things in back or up high (6)adapt environmet to allow for conveience

Front 955

what are some ways that attitudes and emotions affect WSEC? (2)

Back 955

(1)irritation, frustration and anger cause fatigue and increased blood pressure and heart rate (2)be aware of situations which bring out these emotions and avoid or minimze these situations when possible

Front 956

what are some ways that WSEC can be used during self-care for someone w low endurance? (4)

Back 956

(1)put a chair or stool in the shower or tub (2)sit to undress, bathe, dry, and dress (3)use long handed scrub brush /sponge to wash (4)avoid over exertion by taking rest periods (4)an elevated tiolet seat will decrease the amount of bending required

Front 957

what are some ways that WSEC can be used during grooming for someone w low endurance? (4)

Back 957

(1)sit when possible (2)consider short, easy haircuts to simplify grooming (3)wash hair in the shower (4)have hair done professionaly or by a family member

Front 958

what are some activites that may needed to be graded for someone w low endurance? (4)

Back 958

(1)weekly shopping (2)baking a b0day cake (3)attending a religious service (4)returning to work

Front 959

what are some red flags for primary diagnosis? (3)

Back 959

(1)other professionals involved such as cardiopulmonary team (2)increaed precuations such as monitorss (3)lines/bells and whistles

Front 960

what may be some goals for someone in the acute care setting w low endurance? (including long term and short term goal)

Back 960

(1)client will be independent with one BADL (1 week)
a)client will tolerate minimal BADL (met level)activity for 5 mins in a upright position
b)client will independently demonstration relaxiation techinques (2 days)
c)client will determine activity for priorities for an ordinary premorbid day (2 days )
d)client will utilize 3 WSEC techinques during BADLS activity

Front 961

in the acute care setting, what are some strategies for increasing endurance? (someone w low endurance? (3)

Back 961

(1)client education (2)activity tolerance (PREs and ADL and IADL) (3)lifestyle change such as relaxation techinques, WSEC, values clarification, setting of priorities, and balance btwn work, play and self maintance

Front 962

in the acute care setting, what are some strategies for increasing endurance? (someone w low endurance? (3)

Back 962

(1)client education (2)activity tolerance (PREs and ADL and IADL) (3)lifestyle change such as relaxation techinques, WSEC, values clarification, setting of priorities, and balance btwn work, play and self maintance

Front 963

what may be some goals for someone in the acute care setting w low endurance? (including long term and short term goal)1 long term and 3 STG

Back 963

(1)client will be independent with one BADL (1 week)
a)client will tolerate minimal BADL (met level)activity for 5 mins in a upright position
b)client will independently demonstration relaxiation techinques (2 days)
c)client will determine activity for priorities for an ordinary premorbid day (2 days )
d)client will utilize 3 WSEC techinques during BADLS activity

Front 964

describe how the process of improving someone's endurance in a acute care would go?

Back 964

(1)establish baseline--(nursing notes/dr. parameters and monitors) (2)warm up-activity-cool down (3)shorter periods of time ...gradually build up to 20 mins or more (4)check vitals throughout

Front 965

When doing trying to build up endurance levels(using purposeful activities)what are (2)things you should do

Back 965

(1)starts w shorter periods of time and gradually build up to 20 mins or more (2)check vitals throughout

Front 966

what are some things you want to look at before you treat the client to increase endurance? (3)

Back 966

(1)HR,BP and respiration (2)activity history prior to arrival--emotional, sleep, temp (3)establish baseline

Front 967

why is important to note the client's temp before begining treatment?

Back 967

if have fever need to min treatment or not do treatment bc could be fighting off infection and need extra rest

Front 968

What are some general signs and symptoms of an infectious disease?

Back 968

(1)fever (2)enlarged lymph node (3)wound drainage, rash/red streaks (4)change in heart rate

Front 969

NAME
Some general signs of this include fever, enlarged lymph nodes, wound drainage, rash/red streaks, and change in heart rate

Back 969

Infectious disease

Front 970

Any time you have an infection the (1)changes

Back 970

The heart rate increases

Front 971

What are the most common causes of a fever in the hospitalized patient? (8)

Back 971

(1)atelectasis (2)phenumonia (3)cathteter related (4)surgical wound (5)UTI (6)drugs (7)pulmonary emboli (8)infected decubiti

Front 972

What is atelectasis?

Back 972

Is when the lungs shrink and are unable to expand big enough (barley moving)

Front 973

NAME
This is when the lungs shirnk and are unable to expand big enough (barley moving)

Back 973

Atelectasis

Front 974

How can a catheter cause a fever?

Back 974

If kept higher than the opening…must remain lower to floor

Front 975

What does uti stand for?

Back 975

Urinary tract infection

Front 976

What is an infected decubiti?

Back 976

Infected wound

Front 977

NAME
This refers to an infected wound

Back 977

Infected decubiti

Front 978

What is a noscomial infection?

Back 978

Is a hospital acquired infection

Front 979

NAME
This is a hospital acquired infection

Back 979

Noscomial infection

Front 980

MRSA is the most common type of (1)infection

Back 980

Noscomial

Front 981

NAME
This is the most common type of noscomial infection

Back 981

MSRA

Front 982

Ascariasis is also called (1)

Back 982

Round worm

Front 983

(1)is also called round worm

Back 983

AScariasis

Front 984

(1)is also called round worm

Back 984

AScariasis

Front 985

what is Hyperpyrexia ?

Back 985

Refers to a high grade fever btwn 105 and above

Front 986

NAME
This refers to a high grade fever over 105 and above

Back 986

Hyperpyrexia

Front 987

What is hypopyrexia?

Back 987

Refers to a high grade fever btwn 100 and 104

Front 988

NAME
This refers to a high grade fever between 100 and 104

Back 988

Hypopyrexia

Front 989

what is the average temp?

Back 989

96.8 btwn 98.6

Front 990

The averge temp is btwn (1) and (2)

Back 990

96.8 and 98.6

Front 991

At what temp does hypothermia set in?

Back 991

Temp below 96.8

Front 992

NAMe
Anyone w a temp below 96.8 has this

Back 992

Hypothermia

Front 993

What are some side effects the body has onset stage of a fever? (4)

Back 993

(1)increased heart rate and respiration (2)shivering (3)pallid cold skin (3)complaints of feeling cold (4)gyanotic nail beds (5)goosebumps

Front 994

what are the differ stages the body goes through as the temp changes? (3)

Back 994

(1)onset stage (2)course stage (3)fever abatement

Front 995

NAMEwhat are some changes the body goes through during the course stage?

Back 995

(1)absence of chills (2)skin is warm (3)photosensitivity (4)glassy eyed appearance (5)increased heart rate and respiration (6)course conts (7)increased thrist (8)malaise, weakness, and acning of muscles

Front 996

What are some of the changes that the body goes through during the fever abatement stage?

Back 996

(1)flushed skin (2)warmth (3)sweating (4)decreased shivering (5)possible of dehydration

Front 997

Onset stage is also called (1)or (2)

Back 997

Chill or onset stage

Front 998

Cold stage is also called (1)or (2)

Back 998

Chill or onset stage

Front 999

Chill stage is also called the (1)or (2)

Back 999

Cold or onset stage

Front 1000

What changes does the body undergo during hypothermia? (8)

Back 1000

(1)decreased body temp, pulse and respiration (2)severe shivering initially (3)feelings of cold and chills (4)pale,cool, waxy skin (5)hypotension (6)decreased urinary output (7)lack of muscle coordination (8)drowisness progressing towards coma

Front 1001

NAME
As the body undergoes this, the following changes occur--
(1)decreased body temp, pulse and respiration (2)severe shivering initially (3)feelings of cold and chills (4)pale,cool, waxy skin (5)hypotension (6)decreased urinary output (7)lack of muscle coordination (8)drowisness progressing towards coma

Back 1001

Hypothermia

Front 1002

What is the normal pulse for an infant?

Back 1002

80 to 180

Front 1003

What is the normal pulse for 1 lyr toddler?

Back 1003

80 to 140

Front 1004

What is the normal pulse for for 5-8yr old?

Back 1004

75 to 120

Front 1005

What is the normal pulse for 10 yr old?

Back 1005

50 to 90

Front 1006

What is the normal pulse for a teen?

Back 1006

50 to 90

Front 1007

What is the normal pulse for a adult?

Back 1007

60 to100

Front 1008

What is the normal pulse for a 70 yrd old?

Back 1008

60 to 100

Front 1009

What is Bradycardia?

Back 1009

Is a pulse under 60 bpm

Front 1010

What bpm stand for?

Back 1010

Beats per min

Front 1011

What is tachycardia?

Back 1011

Is more than 100 bpm

Front 1012

NAME
This is a pulse under 60 bpm

Back 1012

Bradycardia

Front 1013

NAME
This a pulse over 100 bpm

Back 1013

Tachycardia

Front 1014

NAME
This is a pulse under 60 bpm

Back 1014

Bradycardia

Front 1015

NAME
This a pulse over 100 bpm

Back 1015

Tachycardia

Front 1016

What is the differ btwn bradycardia and tachycardia?

Back 1016

Bradycardia-is under 60 bpm (2)trachycardia-is over 100 bpm

Front 1017

What is a pulse created by?

Back 1017

The contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

Front 1018

NAME
This created by the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

Back 1018

pulse

Front 1019

What are some of the differ pulses that you can populate on the body? (9)

Back 1019

(1)temporal (2)carotid (3)apical (4)brachial (5)radial (6)femoral (7)popliteal (8)posterior tibal (9)dorsalis pedis

Front 1020

Where is the temporal pulse located?

Back 1020

Superior and lateral to the eye

Front 1021

NAME
This pulse is located superior and lateral to the eye

Back 1021

Temporal pulse

Front 1022

Where is the apical pulse located?

Back 1022

Left of the sternum at the 4-6 intercostal space

Front 1023

NAME
This pulse is located left of the sternum at the 4-6 intercostal space

Back 1023

Apical pulse

Front 1024

Where is the brachial pulse located?

Back 1024

Inner aspect of the biceps mm towards the radial side of the arm

Front 1025

NAME
This pulse is located on the inner aspect of the biceps mm towards the radial side of the arm

Back 1025

Brachial pulse

Front 1026

Where is the femoral pulse located?

Back 1026

Passing the inguinal ligament

Front 1027

NAME
This pulse is located passed the inguinal ligament

Back 1027

Femoral pulse

Front 1028

Where is the popliteal pulse located?

Back 1028

Behind the knee

Front 1029

NAME
This pulse is located behind the knee

Back 1029

Popliteal pulse

Front 1030

Where is the posterior tibial pulse located?

Back 1030

Behind the medial mallcolus

Front 1031

NAME
This is pulse is located behind the medial malloclus

Back 1031

Posterior tibial pulse

Front 1032

Where is the dorsalis pedis located?

Back 1032

Tip of the foot space btwn the big and 2nd toe

Front 1033

NAME
This pulse is located btwn the big and 2nd toe

Back 1033

Dorsalis pedis

Front 1034

What is the pulse rhythm?

Back 1034

Is the equal time btwn beats

Front 1035

NAME
This is the equal time btwn beats

Back 1035

pulse rhythm

Front 1036

Some people’s pulse can be (1)

Back 1036

Weak, feeble, and thread

Front 1037

How does healthy food affect the elasticity of the aterial wall?

Back 1037

The wall feels smooth and soft and pliable

Front 1038

How does non-healthy food affect the elasticity of the aterial wall?

Back 1038

Inelastic, twisted, and irregular

Front 1039

What is febrile?

Back 1039

Means the person has a fever

Front 1040

NAME
This means a person has fever

Back 1040

Febrile

Front 1041

What does afebrile mean?

Back 1041

The person has a temp below normal

Front 1042

NAME
This means the person has a temp below normal

Back 1042

Afebrile

Front 1043

What is the normal blood pressure for an adult?

Back 1043

130/65

Front 1044

For 130/65 which one is the systolic vs the diastrolic pressure?

Back 1044

130-systolic 65-diastolic

Front 1045

What is the recommandition if someone blood pressure is btwn 130-139/85-89

Back 1045

Recheck in 2 yrs

Front 1046

What is the recommendation if someone’s blood pressure is btwn 160-179/100-109

Back 1046

Evulate and refer to dr

Front 1047

What is the recommendation if the blood pressure is btwn 140-159/90-99

Back 1047

Confirm in 2 months

Front 1048

What is the recommendation if the blood pressure is btwn180-209/110-119

Back 1048

Refer to dr

Front 1049

What is the recommendation if the blood pressure is btwn greater than 210/120

Back 1049

Call 911

Front 1050

Around what blood pressure should you be calling 911 for?

Back 1050

Anything greater than 210/120

Front 1051

Around what blood pressure should you be referring the pt to a dr?

Back 1051

160-209/100-119

Front 1052

What is invasive blood pressure?

Back 1052

Is the insertion of a catheter into the brachial, radial or femoraly artery

Front 1053

NAME
This is when a catheter is inserted into the brachial, radial or femoral artery to determine the blood pressure

Back 1053

Invasive blood pressure

Front 1054

What is a noninvasive way of finding blood pressure?

Back 1054

Using a sphgmomanometer cuff and a stethoscope

Front 1055

How do you use the blood pressure cuff?

Back 1055

(1)position the arm in 90 degrees of shoulder and flexion jst above radial artery (2)position stethoscope over artery (3)pump to 30 degrees over normal (4)measure when first drop occurs and last drop for (heart beat)

Front 1056

NAME
This refers to blood pressure that falls when the client sits or stands

Back 1056

orthostatic hypertension

Front 1057

Describe the process of orthostatic hypertension?

Back 1057

Blood leaves the central body organs and the brain (2)moves to the peripheral (3)person feels faint

Front 1058

What do you if the person experiences orthostatic hypertension?

Back 1058

(1)place in supine position at 45 degrees (2)wait 2-3 mins and record pulse and pressure (3)assist client to upright position and after 1 check pulse again (4)rise in pulse of 40 below or above indicates abnormal pulse

Front 1059

What are some treatments for orthostatic hypertension? (2)

Back 1059

Pressure gradient LE garents (2)abdominal binder

Front 1060

What is a pressure gradient LE garment?

Back 1060

Keeps the blood from pulling away from the abdomen as when have orthostatic hypertension

Front 1061

What is the respiration average for a newborn?

Back 1061

30-80

Front 1062

What is the respiration average for a 1 yr old?

Back 1062

20 to 40

Front 1063

What is the respiration average for a 5-8 year old?

Back 1063

15-25

Front 1064

What is the respiration average for a 10 yr old?

Back 1064

15-25

Front 1065

What is the respiration average for a teen?

Back 1065

15-20

Front 1066

What is the respiration average for a adult?

Back 1066

12-20

Front 1067

What is the respiration average for a person above 70 yrs old?

Back 1067

15-20

Front 1068

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-btwn 80-180

Back 1068

newborn

Front 1069

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-1 yr

Back 1069

80-140

Front 1070

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-btwn 75-120

Back 1070

5-8 yrs

Front 1071

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-btwn 50-90

Back 1071

1o`yrd old

Front 1072

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-50-90

Back 1072

Teen

Front 1073

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-adult

Back 1073

60-100

Front 1074

NAME AGE GROUP
pulse-60-100

Back 1074

Adult older than 70 yrs old

Front 1075

What are some types of respiration rates? (3)

Back 1075

(1)tachypnea (2)bradypnea (3)apnea

Front 1076

NAMe
These include tachypnea, bradypnea, and apnea

Back 1076

Type of respirations breathes

Front 1077

What is a tachypnea breath?

Back 1077

Are quick shallow breaths

Front 1078

NAME
These are quick shallow breaths

Back 1078

Tachypnea

Front 1079

What are bradypne?

Back 1079

Is abnormally slow breathing

Front 1080

NAME
This abnormally slowing breathing

Back 1080

Bradypne

Front 1081

What is apnea?

Back 1081

Is the cessation of breathing

Front 1082

NAME
This is the cessation of breathing

Back 1082

apnea

Front 1083

What are some types of respiration vol?

Back 1083

(1)hyperventilation (2)hyperventaltion

Front 1084

What is the differ btwn tachypnea, bradypnea, and apnea?

Back 1084

(1)tachypnea-is quick shallow breaths (2)bradypnea-abnormally slow breathing (3)apnea-is ceastion of breathing

Front 1085

What is hyperventilation?

Back 1085

Is the overexpension of the lungs leading to deep breaths

Front 1086

NAME
This is the overexpansion of the lungs leading to deep breaths

Back 1086

hyperventalition

Front 1087

What is hypoventalition?

Back 1087

Is the under expansion of the lungs leading to shallow breaths

Front 1088

NAME
This is the underexpansion of the lungs leading to shallow breaths

Back 1088

Hypoventalition

Front 1089

What is the differ btwn hyperventilation and hypoventilation?

Back 1089

(1)hyperventilation-is the overexpansion leading to deep breaths (2)hypoventilation-is the underexpansion leading to shallow breaths

Front 1090

What is the effort type of respiration?

Back 1090

(1)dyspnea (2)orthopnea

Front 1091

What is orthopnea?

Back 1091

Is the abitiy to breathe only in an upright or sitting position

Front 1092

NAME
This is the ability to breathe only in an upright or sitting position

Back 1092

Orthopnea

Front 1093

What is the differ btwn dyspnea nad orthopnea?

Back 1093

(1)dyspnea-labored breathing (2)Orthopnea-ability to breathe only in a upright or standing position

Front 1094

What is the cheyne-stokes?

Back 1094

Is the rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow temporary apnea

Front 1095

NAME
This is the rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow temporary apnea

Back 1095

Cheyne-stokes

Front 1096

What are sometypes of breath sounds?(1)

Back 1096

(1)sidor (2)wheeze (3)bubbling

Front 1097

NAME
These include sidor, wheeze, and bubbling

Back 1097

breath sounds

Front 1098

What is sidor breaths?

Back 1098

Are shrill harsh sounds during inspiration w laryngeal obstruction

Front 1099

NAME
These are shrill harsh sounds during inspiration w laryngeal obstruction

Back 1099

Sidor breaths

Front 1100

What is a wheeze?

Back 1100

High pitched musical squeak or whistling sound

Front 1101

NAME
This is a high pitched squek or whistling sound

Back 1101

wheeze

Front 1102

What is bubbling breathing sound?

Back 1102

gurgling sound

Front 1103

NAME
This type breath sound is like a gurgline sound

Back 1103

Bubbling sound

Front 1104

What are some of the signs and symptoms of asthma?(7)

Back 1104

Cough (2)dyspnea (3)tight feeling in the chest (4)agitation (5)wheezing rapid breathing (6)thick or sticky mucus (7)hypoaxia

Front 1105

NAMe
Some of the signs and symptoms of this include cough, dyspnea, tight feeling in the chest, agitation, wheezing rapid breathing, thick or sticky mucus, and hypoaxia

Back 1105

Asthma

Front 1106

What is some treatment for asthma?

Back 1106

Prevent (2)acute attacks use bronchodilators such as (albuetrol) controlled or pursed lip breathing

Front 1107

What is emphysema?

Back 1107

Is the break down of the alveolar wall and lungs loose ability to recoil

Front 1108

NAME
This is the break down of the alveolar wall and in which the lungs lose their ability to recoil

Back 1108

Emphysema

Front 1109

Describe what would happen to someone w emphysema?
(3)

Back 1109

(1)break down of alveolar wall (2)fibrosis and thickening of the bronchi walls (3)decreased espiration resulting in

Front 1110

How does the breakdown of alveolar wall affect the lungs? (3)

Back 1110

(1)loss of surface area for gas exchange (2)loss of pulmonary capillaries and perfusion (3)loss of elastic fibers and loss of recoil expiration

Front 1111

What is perfusion?

Back 1111

Is the loss of the lungs to recoil after expiration

Front 1112

NAME
This is the loss of the lungs to recoil after expiration

Back 1112

perfusion

Front 1113

NAMe
This is secondary to chronic infections and smoking

Back 1113

Emphysema

Front 1114

Emphysema is secondary to (1)and (2)

Back 1114

Chronic infections and smoking

Front 1115

How does decreased expiration affect the lungs? (4)

Back 1115

(1)residual vol (2)over-inflation (3)barrel chest (4)diaphragm appears flat on x-ray

Front 1116

Describe advanced emphysema?(4)

Back 1116

(1)pnemuathorax (2)hypoaxic drive for inspiration w chronic increase in CO2 levels (3)infections bc secretions are more diffuclt to move (4)pulmonary hypertension

Front 1117

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Back 1117

Increase resistance pulmonary artery leading to right ventricle failure

Front 1118

NAME
This is the increase resistance pulomary artery leading to right ventricle failure

Back 1118

Pulmonary hypertension

Front 1119

What are some of the signs and symptoms of Emphysema?

Back 1119

(1)insidious onset (2)dyspnea exertion (3)hyperventilation w prolonged espirtory phase (4)anorexia (5)clubbed fingers

Front 1120

NAMe
Some signs and symptoms of this include insidious onset, dyspnea exertion, hyperventilation w prolonged respiratory phase, anorexia, and clubbed fingers

Back 1120

Emphysema

Front 1121

What are some treatments for emphysema? (3)

Back 1121

Avoidance of irritants (2)pulmonary rehab (exercise and breathing ) (3)pursed lip breathing

Front 1122

The pink puffers refers to (1)

Back 1122

Barrel chest

Front 1123

(1)this refers to someone w a barrel chest

Back 1123

pink puffers

Front 1124

What is cor pulmonale?

Back 1124

is the build up of fluids around the heart—resulting in increased chest pressure

Front 1125

NAME
This is the build up of fluids around the heart/pressure

Back 1125

Cor pulmanle

Front 1126

What is chronic bronchitis?

Back 1126

In the inflammation of bronchi

Front 1127

NAME
These are changes in the bronchi secondary constant irritation from smoking or industrial exposure

Back 1127

Chronic bronchitis

Front 1128

NAME
This is the inflammation of the bronchis

Back 1128

Chronic bronchitis

Front 1129

What are some the changes that occur chronic bronchitis?

Back 1129

(1)mucosa is inflamed (2)hypertrophy of the mucus glands (3)O2 levels are low (blue bloaters) (4)pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale

Front 1130

What are your blue bloaters?

Back 1130

People whose cheeks become blue bc they are not getting enough O2

Front 1131

NAMe
These are people who cheeks become blue bc they are not getting enough O2

Back 1131

blue bloaters

Front 1132

NAME
People who usally get this has a history of cigarette smoking or living in an urban area

Back 1132

Chronic bronchitis

Front 1133

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

Back 1133

Is the productive cough w tachpynea, and SOB (2)worse in the morning …secretions have pooled overnight

Front 1134

NAME
Some signs and symptoms o this include a productive cough w tachpynea, and SOB ….is usally in the morning and secretions that have pooled overnight

Back 1134

Chronic bronchitis

Front 1135

What are some treatment for chronic bronchitis?

Back 1135

(1)prevent exposure (2)expectorants, bronchidilators, postural drainage and percussion (3)low flow of O2

Front 1136

What is chest PT stand for?

Back 1136

Chest postural drainage

Front 1137

What is chest PT?

Back 1137

Usally done by PTs is used to make person cough up mucus

Front 1138

People w chronic bronchitis are usally your (1)

Back 1138

Blue bloaters

Front 1139

Blue bloater are usally your people w (1)

Back 1139

Chronic bronchitis

Front 1140

What is bronchiectasis?

Back 1140

Is the abnormal or widening of the medium sized bronchi

Front 1141

NAME
This is the abnormal or widening of the medium sized bronchi

Back 1141

bronchiectasis

Front 1142

Bronchiectasis is secondary to (1)

Back 1142

Reoccurring inflammation and inflection

Front 1143

NAME
This is secondary to reoccurring inflammation and infection

Back 1143

Bronchiectasis

Front 1144

What changes occuring the body during bronchiectasis? (2)

Back 1144

Weakening of the mm and elastic fibers in the bronchial wall (2)in ballooned or dilated areas amount of fluid collect and become infected

Front 1145

What are some of the signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis?

Back 1145

Chronic productive cough, more coughing in the morning as the sputum shifts (2)rales, foul breath (3)dyspnea (4)hemophrysis

Front 1146

NAME
Chronic productive cough, more coughing in the morning as the sputum shifts (2)rales, foul breath (3)dyspnea (4)hemophrysis

Back 1146

Bronchietcatsis

Front 1147

what are some treatments for bronchiectasis?(2)

Back 1147

(1)antibiotics (2)bronchidilators