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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the etiology of down syndrome?
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caused by mitotic non-disjunction of chromosome 21.
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A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is considered?
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aneuploid cell and ex: is trisomy.
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What is another common form of aneuploidy?
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monosomy, the presence of only one copy of a given chromosome in a diploid cell.
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what is more detrimental loss of chromosome material or duplication of chromosomal material?
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loss of chromosomal material.
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What is the pathophysiology of down syndrome?
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it occurs during pregnancy during the state of meiosis and the risk of it increases with age.
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what are the chromosomal abnormalities of down syndrome?
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trisomy of chromosome 21, virtually all males are sterile; some females can reproduce. distinctive: low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, protruding tonque, low set ears, poor muscle tone, short stature. congential heart disease; reduced ability to fight respiratory infections.
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Macule?
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a flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin, less than 1 cm in diameter. Ex: freckles, flat moles, petechiae, measles, scarlet fever.
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papule?
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a elevates, firm, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter. Ex: wart, elevated moles, lichen planus
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plaque?
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psoriasis, seborrheic and actinic kertaoses.
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wheal?
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elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid transient; variable diameter. ex: insect bites, urticaria, allergic reaction.
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pustule
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elevated superficial lesion: similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid. ex: impetigo, acne
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vesicle
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elevates, circumscribed, superficial, not into the dermis, filled with serous fluid less than 1 cm in diameter, ex: varicella(chicken pox) herpes zoster(shingles)
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fissure
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linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis may be moist or dry. ex: athletes foot, cracks at the corner of the mouth.
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ulcer
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loss of epidermis and dermis; decubiti, stasis ulcers concave; varies in size
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stage 1 of skin ulcer
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Nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
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stage 2
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partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis
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stage 3
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Full-thickness skin loss involving damage or nercrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend to, but not through underlying fascia.
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stage 4
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extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures with or without full-thickness skin loss.
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rule of nine percentages are what for adult arms?
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4 1/2% + 4 1/2 % = 9 %
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groin percentage?
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1%
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head percentage?
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front: 4 1/2% back: 4 1/2%= 9%
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trunk percentage?
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front: 18% back: 18%= 36%
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legs?
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front and back is 9% =36%
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What is our human defense mechanism function?
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Our immune system has three lines of defense.
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what are the mechanisms?
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first line which is innate resistance.
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describe first line of defense the physical and mechanical barriers..
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Skin,
Linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts Sloughing off of cells Coughing and sneezing Flushing Vomiting Mucus and cilia |
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what are the biochemical barriers of 1st line of defense
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Synthesized and secreted saliva, tears, ear wax, sweat, and mucus
Antimicrobial peptides Normal bacterial flora |
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second line of defense consists of a what response?
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Inflammatory response
Caused by a variety of materials Infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, radiation, etc. Local manifestations |
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what are the cellular mediators of inflammation
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Granulocytes, platelets, monocytes, and lymphocytes
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continued cellular mediators of inflammation...
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Cell surface receptors
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Toll-like receptors Complement receptors Scavenger receptors |
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what is immunity
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our bodys response system that has developed several means of protecting itself from injury and infection. There are many forms of human immunity.
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What is an antigen
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is a molecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and T cells
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Are antigens considered immunogens?
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yes, an antigen that is immungogenic will induce an immune response resulting in the production of antibodies or functional T cells.
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what are antigen presenting cells
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B cells, macrophages & dendritic cells
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APC's process is what?
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first must present themselves on the cell surface and than interact with the Th cells to induce B cell to mature into plasma cells or T cells to mature into effector T cells.
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what is the MHC profile?
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Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells (except RBCs)
Also referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
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class 1 of MHC
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MHC class I molecules
A, B, C |
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Class 11 of MHC
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MHC class II molecules
DR, DP, and DQ |
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what is a antibody?
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also referred to as an immunoglobulin (Ig) it is a serum glycoprotein produced by mature B cells( plasma cells) in response to a challenge by an antigen.
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Active immunity means what?
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Antibodies or T cells produced after either a natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization
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passive immunity?
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Preformed antibodies or T-lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to a recipient
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IgG encompasses:
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Most abundant class (80%-85%)
Transported across the placenta Involved in secondary immune response Passes through placenta, providing humoral immunity Four classes : IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 |
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IgA encompasses:
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Two classes
IgA1 molecules are found predominantly in the blood IgA2 molecules are found predominantly in normal body secretions (tears, saliva, GU, GI, prostate) Provides mucosal immunity |
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IgM
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Largest of the immunoglobulins
Pentamer stabilized by a J chain First antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen Synthesized during fetal life |
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IgD
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Limited information on IgD function
Low concentration in the blood Located primarily on the surface of developing B-lymphocytes Function as one type of B cell antigen receptor |
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IgE
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Least concentrated of the immunoglobulin classes in the circulation
Mediator of many common allergic responses Attach to a mast cell until the allergen returns, then IgE will release histamines Defender against parasites |
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what happens with the elderly in regards to immunity?
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Decreased T cell activity
Thymic size is 15% of its maximum size Decreased production of specific antibodies Increase in circulating antigen-antibody complexes Increase in circulating autoantibodies Decrease in circulating memory B cells |
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What are the different types of hypersensitivity?
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Type I
IgE mediated Type II Tissue-specific reactions Type III Immune complex mediated Type IV Cell mediated |
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type 1
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IgE mediated
Against environmental antigens (allergens) IgE binds to Fc receptors on surface of mast cells (cytotropic antibody) Histamine release H1 and H2 receptors Antihistamines |
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type 1 manifestations?
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Itching
Urticaria Conjunctivitis Rhinitis Hypotension Bronchospasm Dysrhythmias GI cramps and malabsorption |
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What are the ways to tell if you have type 1 hypersensitivity?
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If your are predisposed or certain tests, skin, lab or food challenges.
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Type 11 hypersensitivity's
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they are tissue specific
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What are the mechanisms of type 11?
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Five mechanisms
Cell is destroyed by antibodies and complement Cell destruction through phagocytosis Soluble antigen may enter the circulation and deposit on tissues Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Causes target cell malfunction |
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type 111 is mediated how?
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Immune complex mediated
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Is type 111 organ specific?
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no it is not
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How does type 111 form?
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Antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the circulation and are later deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues
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does type IV involve antibody?
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no it does not
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what are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity?
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Acute graft rejection, skin test for TB, contact allergic reactions, and some autoimmune diseases
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what are some measures that evaluate immunity?
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Complete blood count (CBC) with a differential
Subpopulations of lymphocytes Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins Subpopulations of immunoglobulins Assay for total complement Skin tests |
