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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List features of eukaryotic cell.
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Organelles
Nucleus Multiple Chromosomes Higher Animals |
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List features of prokaryotic cell.
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No organelles
No nucleus Single chromosome |
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What are the eight specialized functions of a cell?
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MCASERRC
Movement Conductivity Adaptation Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction Communication |
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What are the eight cytoplasmic organelles?
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REGLVMP
Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Vaults Cytoskeleton |
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What do ribosomes perform?
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Synthesize proteins
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What does the endoplasmic reticulum perform?
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Packaging System
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What does the Golgi complex perform?
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Secretory Vesicles
Packaging Cisternae |
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What do the lysosomes perform?
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Catalyze proteins
Auto-Digestion |
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What do peroxisomes perform?
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Have oxidative enzymes
Break down "free radicals" |
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What does the mitochondria perform?
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Energy production
Oxidative phosphorylation Double Membrane |
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What do the vaults perform?
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Cellular trucks
Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins |
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What does the cytoskeleton perform?
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Maintains the cell's shape & organization
Microtuboles Microfilaments Permits movement of substances within cell |
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What are the 3 structures of the plasma membrane?
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Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid bilayer Cellular Receptors |
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What is the fluid mosaic model?
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Bilayer of phospholipids
oil and water don't mix philic outside phobic inside |
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What is a form of cellular receptors?
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Ligand
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What is metabolism?
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All of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions
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What is anabolism?
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The energy-using process of metabolism.
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What is catabolism?
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The energy-releasing process of metabolism.
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What is a metabolic pathway?
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one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes
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What is the role of ATP in metabolism?
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Glucose is the most important cellular fuel.
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What is the process of digestion?
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Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris.
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What are the stages of glycolysis?
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1 - 6C is broken down & requires 2 ATPs.
2 - Creates 4 ATP's. |
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What is oxidation?
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When a substance loses an electron.
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What is the krebs cycle?
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Produces CO2 and ATP.
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What is the electron transport system?
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couples electron transfer between an electron donor and an electron acceptor with the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane
Creates ATP from photosynthesis and redox systems |
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What is aerobic?
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Requires oxygen to create ATP
Creates 38 units of ATP |
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What is anerobic?
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Doesn't require oxygen
Produces lactic acid Creates 2 units of ATP |
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What is passive transport?
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High to low
No ATP used |
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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High to low
No ATP used Carriers needed |
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What is active transport?
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Low to High
ATP used Carriers |
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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The pressure exerted by the fluid at rest.
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What is endocytosis?
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Cells engulf outside materials via plasma membrane
Phagocytosis Pintocytosis |
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What is exocytosis?
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Discharges materials via the cell membrane.
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What is mitosis?
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Cell division that results in two daughter cells.
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What is cytokinesis?
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Cytoplasmic division of the two daughter cells
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What is interphase?
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The resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell
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What are the four cell cycles
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G1
S G2 M |
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What is a desmosome?
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Attach 2 adjacent cells
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What is endocrine signaling?
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release of hormones that target distant cells
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What is paracrine signaling?
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targets "near" cell
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What is synaptic signaling?
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Utilizes neurons in order to communicate.
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What are the 4 basic tissue types?
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nerve |
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Define adaptation.
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Cellular changes to maintain homeostasis
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What is atrophy?
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decrease in cell size
Decrease protein synthesis |
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What is hypertrophy?
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Increase in cell (organ) size
Hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand |
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What is hyperplasia?
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Increase in the number of cells.
Excessive hormonal stimulation |
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What is metaplasia?
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replacement of one cell by another.
Reprogramming of stem cells |
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What is dysplasia?
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size, shape, and/or organization of mature cells
***Not adaptive |
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What is hypoxia?
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Lack of oxygen
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What are free radicals
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Any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell.
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What does reperfusion injury cause?
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Production of many ATP and radicals
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What is necrosis?
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Death by injury or disease
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What is apoptosis?
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Death by normal process
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What can cause indirect chemical injury?
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formation of free radicals
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What are the 4 major types of necrosis?
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1. Abnormal plasma membrane & chromosomes
2. Karyolysis - nuclear dissolution 3. Pyknosis: shrinkage of nuclues 4. Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of nuclues |
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What is apoptosis?
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Cell suicide
Controlled process in normal development |
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What is included in the normal aging process?
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Genetic and environmental factors
Changes in control mechanism Degenerative extracellular and vascular alterations |
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What are the clinical manifestations of somatic death?
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Cardio & resp.
Algor Mortis Livor Mortis Rigor Mortis Postmoertem autolysis |
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What are the DNA nuceotides composed of?
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Phosphate, Deoxyribose, and Base
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What chemicals is DNA composed of?
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ATCG
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine |
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What does DNA perform?
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Instructions on how to produce proteins
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Where are the instructions located on the DNA?
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Sequence of bases
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What is transcription?
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The making of mRNA from a strand of DNA.
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What is translation?
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The making of protein from mRNA.
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What is a somatic cell?
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Diploid
All cells other than gametes. 1st 22 pairs of chromosomes |
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What is a gamete?
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A sperm + egg cell
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What are autosomes?
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22 pairs of chromosomes which are homolygous in males & females.
Haploid |
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What is karyotype?
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Order arrangement of chromosomes
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What does euploid mean?
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Normal multiple # of chromosomes
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What are the sex chromosomes?
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The last pair of chromosomes
XX (Female) or XY (Male) |
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What does aneuploid mean?
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abnormal number of chromosomes which is not a multiple of 23 chromosomes.
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What are the types of mutations?
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Substitution
Insertion Deletion Frame-Shift |
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What is a missense mutation?
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Produces a change in a single amino acid.
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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Produces a stop codon.
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What is a base pair substitution?
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One base replaces another
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What is a silent/neutral mutation?
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Cause no change in the final protein product.
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What is a frameshift mutation?
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Insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNA molecule.
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Define genotype
Hemophyllia lack of Factor 8 |
a composition for all genes in a given locus
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Define phenotype
Hemophyllia Bleeding |
the expression of genotype or the outward appearance of the individual which results of both genotype and environment
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What does penetrance mean?
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Percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also exhibit the expected phenotype.
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What does expressitivity mean?
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The extent of variation in phenotype associated w/ a particular genotype.
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What is epigenetics?
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Studies different phenotypes that have the same DNA sequence.
Chemical modifications alter the expression of genes. |
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Describe the process of sex determination.
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Only one Y chromosome starts the process of male development.
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Discuss the concept of multifactorial inheritance:
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When environmental factors influences the expression of the trait along with genes. For instance, height and IQ.
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What is allele?
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different possible forms of a gene
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What is mosaic
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Person has more than one karyotype.
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What does recessive mean?
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Expressed only in homozygous state.
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