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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Atrophy
name physiological and pathological examples. |
Decrease in the size of the cell.
Physiologic: [Normal Rxn]: Thalamus gland shrinks as you grow Pathological: [Disease Process]: Cast, muscle atrophy, bed-ridden patient: M.S. |
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Define Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size
Physiologic: hormonal-menstrual endometrium thickens :mechanical- lifting weights Pathological: heart enlarges due to hypertension |
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Define Hyperplasia
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Increased number of cells
Physiologic: -Compensatory: Disect liver, in 2 weeks liver will double -Hormonal: growth of milk-secreting gland cells in the breast as a response to pregnancy Pathological: hormonal imbalance: Ex: Excessive estrogen causes endometrium to thicken causing cancer |
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Define Metaplasia
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One mature cell type is replaced by different cell types
Ex. Smoking |
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Define Dysplasia
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Abnormal changes in size, shape and nuceli
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Define Anaplasia
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Undifferentated cells: characteristics of cancer and is the basis for grading the aggressiveness of a tumor
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Define Neoplasm
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"New Growth" commonly called a tumor
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Define Apoptosis
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Programmed Cell death
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Common Causes of cell injury
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-Ischemia: hypoxia
-Physical Injury: excessive heat/cold or radiation exposure -Microorganism Infections: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites -Genetic Defects: enzymes are missing -Chemical toxins: exogenous/endogenous -Mechanical damage: pressure or tearing of tissue -Nutritional deficits -Imbalance of electrolytes/fluids |
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Define Necrosis
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Tissue death
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Types of Necrosis
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a. Liquefaction: dead cells liquefy by certain enzymes
b. Coagulative: to clot; hypoxia Ex: myocardial infarction c. Caseous: Coagulative/Liquefaction Ex: TB in lungs d. Gangrene: lack of circulation in certain areas |
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Define Somatic Death
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Death of a body
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7 Steps to Health
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1. Be a non-smoker; avoid 2nd hand smoke
2. Eat 5-10 servings of veggies/fruit daily. Choose high-fiber, lower-fat foods. Limit alcohol consumption 1-2 daily. 3. Physically active. Maintains Body weight 4. Protect self/family from sun 5. Follow cancer screening guidelines 6. Visit doc/dentist if noticeable health change 7. Follow health/safety instructions when handling hazardous material |
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8 Warning Signs of American Cancer Society
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1. Unusual bleeding or discharge from anywhere
2. Change in bowel or bladder 3. Change in wart/mole 4. Sore that doesn't heal 5. Unexplained weight loss 6. Anemia/low hemoglobin and fatigue 7. Solid lump, painless, in breast or testes/anywhere |
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Local Effects of Tumor
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Pain, obstruction, redness
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Systemic Effects of Tumor
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Weight loss, anemia, severe fatigue, bleeding, vommiting
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Diagnostic Tests
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Blood Tests, Tumor Markers, X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, Cytologic tests, CBC, H&H, bone marrow biospy
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Staging of Cancer
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T-Tumor
N-Node M-Metastasis T1N0M0=favorable T4N3M1=Worst |
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Etiology: carinogensis
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Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
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Treatment for cancer
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-Curative: if the tumor is small and localized
-Palliative: reduces manisfestations and complicarions related to the cancer and to prolong life -Physical Therapy -Nutritional counseloing -Chemotherapy -Radiation |
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Define Grading
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Tells if cells are differentiated
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Tumor Characteristics
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-Benign: not deadly, encapsulated, grows slowly
-Malignant: canceriys, varied in size/shape, increase mitosis, rapid growth, non-adhesive, no capsule |
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Pathophysiology
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Study of functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes
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Pathology
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Lab study of cell and tissue changes associate with disease
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Describe Jaundice
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Yellowing of skin, liver is unable to produce bilirubin.
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Biopsy
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Removal of small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine diagnosis
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Autopsy
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Examination of part/whole body to det. cause of illness/death
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Diagnosis
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Identification of specific disease thru evaluation of signs/symptoms
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Etiology
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Cause or Origin of a disease/abnormality
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Idiopathic
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No known cause
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Iatrogenic
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Cause by a treatment, procedure or error
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Predisposing Factor
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Encompass the tendencies that promote development of disease
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Acute Onset
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Sudden or Obvious
Ex: gastroenteritis with vomitting |
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Insidious Onset
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Disease that is marked by vague or mild symptoms
Ex: Hepatitis |
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Acute Disease
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Short-term illness, develops quickly
Ex: Acute Appendicitis |
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Chronic Disease
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Milder condition develops gradually long-term
Ex: Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Subclincal Stage
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Pathogenic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited
Ex: Kidney damage |
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Latent Stage of Disease
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Present but hidden
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Incubation Period
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Time b/w the intial exposure to the infectious agent and the appearance of the 1st sign of infection
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Prodromal Period
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The time in the early development of a disease when one is aware of a change in the body but signs are non-specific
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Local/Systemic
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Local: found @ site of problem
Systemic: general indication of illness Ex: Fever |
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Signs/Symptoms
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Signs: Objective
Sympt: Subjective |
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Syndrome
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A group of signs characteristic of specific disorder
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Remission
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Manifestation of disease resides
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Exacerbation
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Acute episode on high severity of manifestations
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Precipitating Factor
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A condition tiggers acute episode
Ex: seizure |
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Sequelae
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Describe potential unwanted outcome of primary condition
Ex: Paralysis following recov ery from stroke |
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Convalescence
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period of recovery
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Morbidity
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The rate at which the disease occurs
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Mortality
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Number of deaths in a group for a specific disease
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Epidemiology
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Science of tracking the pattern of occurence of disease
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Epidemic
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Certain population
Pandemic: World wide |
