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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adrenergic aka...
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Cholinergic aka...
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Divisions of ANS
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Sympathetic (Adrenergic) & Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
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Autonomic Nervous System aka...
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Visceral, Vegetative, Involuntary Nervous System
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Somatic: Voluntary or Involuntary
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Voluntary
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Peripheral Nervous System consists of:
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Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
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What part of the Spinal Cord innervates the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
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Craniosacral
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What part of the Spinal Cord innervates the Sympathetic Nervous System?
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Thoracolumbar
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Roles of Sympathetic Nervous System
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Responds to emergency situations (fear, anger, worry); Primarily involves expenditure of energy
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Roles of Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Controls activities of internal organs under normal conditions; Energy conservation
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Parasympathetic preganglionic NT
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Acetylcholine
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Parasympathetic postganglionic NT
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Acetylcholine
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Ratio of size of Parasympathetic preganglionic to postganglionic fibers
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Preganglionic longer
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Sympathetic Preganglionic NT (pg 5)
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Acetylcholine
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Sympathetic Postganglionic NT (pg 5)
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Norepinephrine (except sweat glands)
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Ratio of Sympathetic preganglionic to postganglionic fibers (pg 5)
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1:20 (postganglionic longer)
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List and explain Parasympathetic receptors (pg 5)
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NICOTINIC (all autonomic ganglion cells, Adrenal Medulla, Neuromuscular Junction); MUSCARINIC (all effector organs innervated by postgang. fibers)
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List and explain Sympathetic receptors (pg 5)
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alpha (inhibitory in GI, excitatory everywhere else); beta (excitatory in heart, inhibitory everywhere else); beta-1 (cardiac); beta-2 (bronchi, blood vessels, etc.)
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MAO affects which neurotransmitter and how
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breaks down Norepinephrine (NE) in presynaptic neuron
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What does a decrease in NE lead to and how can we reverse the effects?
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Depression; increase NE synthesis while decreasing reuptake, inhibit MAO which breaks down NE
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What is epinephrine made from? (pg 14)
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Tyrosine-->DOPA-->Dopamine-->Norepinephrine-->Epinephrine
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What does DOPA stand for?
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Dihydroxyphenylalanine
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What is tyrosine hydroxylase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14)
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aka tyrosine-3-monooxygenase; catalyzes Tyrosine-->DOPA; tetrahydrobiopterin; neuron
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What is aromatic L-amino acid decarboyxlase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14)
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catalyzes DOPA-->Dopamine; pyridoxal phosphate; neuron
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What is dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14)
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catalyzes Dopamine-->NE; ascorbate; neuron
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What is phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and what is its cofactor? (pg 14)
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catalyzes NE-->Epi; S-adenosylmethionine; this enzyme acts ONLY in the adrenal medulla
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Role of Eserine and its origin
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aka Physostigmine, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, made from Calabar bean
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dominant receptor in the heart
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beta-1
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Methacholine (pg 15)
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Muscarinic agonist
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Carbechol (pg 15)
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Muscarinic agonist; weak nicotinic agonist
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Bethanechol (pg 15)
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Muscarinic agonist
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Pilocarpine (pg 15)
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Muscarinic agonist
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Edrophonium (pg 15)
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Anti-Cholinesterase
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Neostigmine (pg 15)
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Anti-Cholinesterase
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Organophosphorous compounds (pg 15)
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Anti-Cholinesterase
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Nicotine (pg 15&19)
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Nicotinic Agonist (Ganglionic and Skeletal Muscle stimulants); in excess will be a depolarizing block at the ganglion
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Anticholinesterases (action on synapses) (pg 15)
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weak Nicotinic Agonists
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Hexamethonium (pg 15&19)
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Nicotinic Ganglion blockers
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Pempidine (pg 15)
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Nicotinic Ganglion Blockers
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Mecamylamine (pg 15&19)
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Nicotinic Ganglion Blockers
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Atropine (pg 15&19)
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Muscarinic (M-2) Antagonist
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Scopolamine (pg 15)
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Muscarinic Antagonist
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Ipratropium (pg 15)
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Muscarinic Antagonist
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Tropicamide (pg 15)
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Muscarinic Antagonist
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Benzhexol (pg 15)
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Muscarinic Antagonist
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Alpha 1 / Alpha 2 Agonists (pg 17&19)
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NE, Epi; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Alpha 2 Agonists (pg 17&19)
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Clonidine, alpha-methyl-noradrenaline; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Alpha 1 Agonists (pg 17&19)
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Phenylephrine, Methoxamine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Indirectly acting Sympathomimetics (pg 17)
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Ephedrine, Amphetamine, (Tyramine), Cocaine
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Beta 1 & Beta 2 Agonists (stimulates both) (pg 17)
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Adrenaline, Isoprenaline; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Beta 2 Agonists (pg 17&19)
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Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Epi; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Selective Beta 1 Agonists (pg 17&19)
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NE, Dobutamine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Adrenergic Neurone Blockers (pg 17)
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Reserpine, Guanethidine, Bethanidine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
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Parasympathetic Ganglia
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Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular, Otic
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Sympathetic Ganglia
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Superior Cervical, Middle Cervical, Inferior Cervical; Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric
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Effector organs of sacral nerves
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Distal colon, rectum, bladder, kidney, external genitalia
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Cranial Nerves involved in Parasympathetic NS
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III (Oculomotor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus)
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CN III Ganglia and Effector organs
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Ciliary Ganglion; Eye (ciliary/circular muscles, iris)
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CN VII Ganglia and Effector organs
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion (lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa); Submandibular Ganglion (Submandibular gland, Sublingual gland)
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CN IX Ganglia and Effector organs
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Otic Ganglion; Parotid gland & oral mucosa
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CN X Ganglia and Effector organs
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no ganglia; Heart, Liver & Gall bladder, Stomach, Kidney, Lg Intestine (proximal/ascending colon), Sm. intestine, Larynx, Trachea, Lung (bronchi, pulmonary vessels)
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Effector organs of Superior Cervical Ganglion
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Eye (radial muscle, iris), Lacrimal galnd, Salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, parotid), blood vessels of head & neck, Heart
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Effector organs of Middle Cervical Ganglion
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Heart
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Effector organs of Inferior Cervical Ganglion
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Heart
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Effector organs of Celiac Ganglion
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Liver & Gall bladder, Stomach, Sm. intestine, Kidney, Pancreas, Spleen, Adrenal Medulla
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Effector organs of Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
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Large intestine
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Effector organs of Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
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Distal colon, Rectum, Bladder, External genitalia, Kidney
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Postganglionic fibers from Sympathetic ganglia innervate visceral structures of the
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Thorax, Abdomen, Head, Neck
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Synthesis of Epinephrine starting at the amino acid
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Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine
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What must happen to DOPA before it is converted to Dopamine?
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enter vesicle
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Where NE is converted to Epi
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Adrenal medulla
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Alpha 1 & Alpha 2 blockers (blocks both)
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Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
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Alpha 1 blockers
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Prazosin, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
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Alpha 2 blockers
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Yohimbine, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
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Beta 1 & Beta 2 blockers (blocks both) (pg 17 & 19)
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Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol, Oxprenolol, Pindolol, Alprenolol, Atenolol, Acebutolol
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Beta 1 blocker only (pg 17 & 19)
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Metoprolol
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Beta 2 blocker only (pg 19)
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Butoxamine
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Nicotinic skeletal muscle antagonists
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d-tubocurarine, Decamethonium
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what is COMT
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catechol-O-methyltransferase; catalyzes breakdown of NE in effector organs to Normetanephrine (NMN)
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Adrenergic impulse on Radial muscle, iris of eye
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alpha-1 receptor; Contraction (mydriasis) ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Radial muscle, iris of eye
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no response
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Adrenergic impulse on Sphincter muscle of eye
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no response
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Cholinergic impulse on Sphincter muscle of eye
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Contraction (miosis)+++
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Adrenergic impulse on Ciliary muscle of Eye
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beta-2 receptor; Relaxation for far vision +
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Cholinergic impulse on Ciliary muscle of Eye
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Contraction for near vision +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Lacrimal glands
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alpha receptor; Secretion +
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Cholinergic impulse on Lacrimal glands
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Secretion +++
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Adrenergic impulse on SA node of Heart
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beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase heart rate ++
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Cholinergic impulse on SA node of Heart
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Decrease in heart rate; vagal arrest
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Adrenergic impulse on Atria of Heart
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beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in contractility & conduction velocity ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Atria of Heart
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Decrease in contractility, and shortened AP duration ++
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Adrenergic impulse on His-Purkinje system of Heart
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beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity +++
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Cholinergic impulse on His-Purkinje system of Heart
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Little effect
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Adrenergic impulse on AV node of Heart
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beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity ++
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Cholinergic impulse on His-Purkinje system of Heart
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Little effect
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Adrenergic impulse on Ventricles of Heart
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beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in contractility, conduction velocity, automaticity, and rate of idioventricular pacemakers +++
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Cholinergic impulse on Ventricles of Heart
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Slight decrease in contractility
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Adrenergic impulse on Coronary Arterioles
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alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction + ; beta-2: Dilation ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Coronary Arterioles
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Dilation (Constriction with endothelial damage)
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Adrenergic impulse on Skin and Mucosa Arterioles
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alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++
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Cholinergic impulse on Skin and Mucosa Arterioles
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Dilation
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Adrenergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle Arterioles
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alpha: Constriction ++ ; beta-2: Dilation ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle Arterioles
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Dilation +
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Adrenergic impulse on Cerebral Arterioles
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alpha-1: slight Constriction
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Cholinergic impulse on Cerebral Arterioles
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Dilation
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Adrenergic impulse on Pulmonary Arterioles
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alpha-1: Constriction +; beta-2: Dilation
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Cholinergic impulse on Pulmonary Arterioles
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Dilation
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Adrenergic impulse on Abdominal viscera Arterioles
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alpha-1: Constriction +++; beta-2: Dilation +
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Cholinergic impulse on Abdominal viscera Arterioles
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Salivary glands Arterioles
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alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++
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Cholinergic impulse on Salivary glands Arterioles
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Dilation ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Renal Arterioles
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alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++; beta-1 & beta-2: Dilation +
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Cholinergic impulse on Renal Arterioles
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Veins (Systemic)
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alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction ++ ; beta-2: Dilation ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Veins (Systemic)
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Tracheal and bronchial muscle of Lungs
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beta-2: Relaxation +
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Cholinergic impulse on Tracheal and bronchial muscle of Lungs
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Contraction ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Bronchial glands of Lungs
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alpha-1: Decreased secretion ; beta-2: Increased secretion
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Cholinergic impulse on Bronchial glands of Lungs
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Stimulation +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Stomach
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alpha-1 & alpha-2, beta-2 Decrease (usually) +
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Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Stomach
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Increase +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Sphincters of Stomach
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alpha-1: Contraction (usually) +
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Cholinergic impulse on Sphincters of Stomach
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Relaxation (usually) +
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Adrenergic impulse on Secretion in Stomach
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Inhibition (?)
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Adrenergic impulse on Secretion in Stomach
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Stimulation +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Intestine
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alpha-1 & 2, beta-1 & 2: Decrease +
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Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Intestine
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Increase +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Sphincters of Intestine
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alpha-1: Contraction (usually) +
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Cholinergic impulse on Sphincters of Intestine
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Relaxation (usually) +
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Adrenergic impulse on Secretion in Intestine
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alpha-2: Inhibition
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Cholinergic impulse on Secretion in Intestine
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Stimulation ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Gall bladder and Ducts
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beta-2: Relaxation +
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Cholinergic impulse on Secretion in Intestine
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Contraction +
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Adrenergic impulse on Renin secretion in Kidneys
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alpha-1: Decrease + ; beta-1: Increase ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Renin secretion in Kidneys
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Detrusor of Urinary bladder
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beta-2: Relaxation (usually) +
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Pirenzepine
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Muscarinic (M-1) blocker
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Cholinergic impulse on Detrusor of Urinary bladder
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Contraction +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Trigone and sphincter of Urinary bladder
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alpha-1: Contraction ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Trigone and sphincter of Urinary bladder
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Relaxation ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Ureter
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alpha-1: Increase
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Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Ureter
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Increase (?)
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Adrenergic impulse on Uterus
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Pregnant: contraction (alpha-1), relaxation (beta-2); Nonpregnant: relaxation (beta-2)
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Cholinergic impulse on Uterus
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Variable
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Adrenergic impulse on Male Sex Organs
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alpha-1: Ejaculation ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Male Sex Organs
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Erection ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Pilomotor muscles of Skin
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alpha-1: Contraction ++
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Cholinergic impulse on Pilomotor muscles of Skin
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Sweat glands of Skin
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alpha-1: Localized secretion +
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Cholinergic impulse on Sweat glands of Skin
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Generalized secretion ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Spleen capsule
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alpha-1: Contraction ++ ; beta-2: Relaxation +
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Cholinergic impulse on Spleen capsule
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Adrenal medulla
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No response
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Cholinergic impulse on Adrenal medulla
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Secretion of Epi and NE (primarily nicotinic and secondarily muscarinic)
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Adrenergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle
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beta-2: Increased contractility, glycogenolysis, K+ uptake
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Cholinergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Liver
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alpha-1 & beta-2: Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis +++
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Cholinergic impulse on Liver
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Acini of Pancreas
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alpha: Decreased secretion +
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Cholinergic impulse on Acini of Pancreas
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Secretion ++
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Adrenergic impulse on Islets (beta cells) of Pancreas
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alpha-2: Decreased secretion +++ ; beta-2: Increased secretion +
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Cholinergic impulse on Islets (beta cells) of Pancreas
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Fat cells
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alpha-2: Lipolysis +++ (thermogenesis) ; beta-1,2,3: Inhibition of Lipolysis
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Cholinergic impulse on Fat cells
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Salivary glands
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alpha-1: K+ and water secretion + ; beta: Amylase secretion +
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Cholinergic impulse on Salivary glands
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K+ and water secretion +++
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Adrenergic impulse on Nasopharyngeal glands
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No response
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Cholinergic impulse on Nasopharyngeal glands
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Secretion++
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Adrenergic impulse on Pineal gland
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beta: Melatonin synthesis
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Cholinergic impulse on Pineal gland
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No response
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Adrenergic impulse on Posterior Pituitary
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beta-1: Antidiuretic hormone secretion
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Cholinergic impulse on Posterior Pituitary
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No response
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