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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All diabetes the patho is 1 or more of the following: 1) destruction of pancreatic beta cells (which leads to lack of what?) 2- reduced what secretion? From impaired beta cells in response to glucose simulation. 3) peripheral resistance to insulin.
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1 and 2-insulin secretion
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type 1 is caused by both genetic and ______ factors.
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Environmental
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type 1 is the autoimmune destruction of what cells?
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Beta
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cell-mediated immune destroys the beta cells lead to what?
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Chronic inflammation
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S&S of type 1 start what what % of beta cells have been destroyed?
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80-90
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the alterations of alpha and beta results in both what?
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Hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia
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type 1 hyperglycemia can lead to osmotic diuresis which what?
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When glucose, electrolytes and water get eliminated thru urine leading to severe dehydration. It also undermines the WBC function
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type 1 a lack of insulin leads to the body turning to what for energy? Since insulin inhibits fat breakdown if there is insufficient insulin then fat breakdown is out of control. Fats to oxidized leading to hyperketonemia and ketoacidosis.
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Fat and protein
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dx of type 1. a fasting blood sugar of a-60 b-152 c-126 d->200
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c-126
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dx of type 1 random blood sugard (just 1 time) of a-60 b-152 c-126 d->200
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d- >200
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dx of type 1 includes GAD-65, urinalysis and HBA1c. The norm for a1c is?
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2-6%
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type 2 is insulin resistance which means what?
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Cells can't absorb the insulin even if its there
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type 2 has a _____in adequate insulin secretion
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reduction
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type 2 is not due to what?
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Autoimmune destruction of pancreas
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how does obesity promote insulin resistance?
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By releasing fatty acids and cytokines which prohibit insulin from being absorbed.
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Type 2 glucagon secretions are [increased or decreased??]
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increased
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cytokines released by adipose tissue cause what?
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A chronic low level inflammation which clogs arteries
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metabolic syndrome aka syndrome X has abdominal obesity, and CAD. BP is what? Fasting sugar is what? HDL is what?
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BP ↑ fasting sugar ↑ HDL ↓
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DKA-type 1 or 2?? sweet breath or no?
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Type 1, sweet breath
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HHNK what % die? Type 1 or 2?? gradual or quick onset?? sweet breath or no??
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50% die, type 2, gradual onset, lack of ketones. NO sweet breath
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cold and clammy is a- hyperglycemia or b- hypoglycemia
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b-hypoglycemia
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glycosylation glucose is increased or decreased? Glucose binds to what? And what does that do to the blood vessels?
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↑ glucose, binds to protein, hardens and thickens the BV.
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Diabetic neuropathy -Somatic neuropathy which is?
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Diminished perception of vibration, pain and temp. and hypersensitivity
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diabetic neuropathy autonomic neuropathy
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inability to empty bladder, sexual dysfunction and defects in vasomotor and cardiac responses, GI tract motility impaired
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Alpha cells are also affected by autoimmune in type 1. what happens to glucagon levels?
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There are ↑ levels of glucagon which suppresses insulin production
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