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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrocephalus
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Excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the ventricles
~rise in intracranial pressure (adults) ~cranial sutures not closed (infant); large head w/prominent veins |
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non-communicating hydrocephalus
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(mainly infants)
-caused by obstrucion to the flow of CSF -usually from developmental abnormalities -may be caused by tumor, hemorrhage, inflammation at any age |
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communicating hydrocephalus
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decreased reabsorption of CSF through arachnoid villi
-caused by block in CSF pathway to the villi EX. blood debris, infection, post meningitis scars |
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Seizure disorders
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uncontrolled, excessive electrical discharge of neurons in the brain
Acquired (symptomatic/secondary) ex. febrile, infection, tumor, head injury Idiopathic (unknown cause - recurrent seizures) -epileptic Ex. familial incidence |
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classification of seizures
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-Partial (simple & complex)
-Generalized (grand mal & petit mal) -unclassified |
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Partial seizures
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*most common*
Simple -activity in 1 cerebral hemisphere -no impairment of consciousness Complex -temporal lobe seizures -impaired consciousness -hallucinations (ear ringing, sensation of light, deja vu) *may progress to generalized* |
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Generalized seizures
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Absence (petit mal)
-nonconvulsive w/ disturbance of consciousness Tonic-clonic (grand mal) -prodromal signs (irritability, nausea, muscle twitching) -aura -loss of consciousness -strong tonic muscle contractions |
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Clonic phase of generalized seizure
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rhythmic bilateral contraction & relaxation of extremities
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Multiple schlerosis (MS)
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autoimmune disease w/progressive demylination of neurons in the brain, spinal cord & cranial nerves
-loss of myelin interferes w/conduction of impulses in affected fibers Plaques (lesions) - areas of demylination (lateral ventricles, brainstem, optic nerve); occurs in white matter of nervous system -marked by remissions & relapses caused by recurring lesions |
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MS onset & manifestations
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Onset - between 20-40
Manifestations determined by locations of lesions -blurred vision -leg weakness -diplopia; scotoma (spot in visual field) -dysarthria -paresthesiae -loss of coordination -progressive weakness & paralysis |
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MS diagnosis
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MRI - requires evidence of CNS lesions occuring in different areas of CNS at least 3 months apart.
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Parkinson's Disease
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progressive degenerative disorder affecting motor function
low dopamine in substantia nigra (midbrain) -> dysfuction of basal nucleai -> uncontrollable movements -causes imbalance between excitation & inhibition of basal nuclei (hard to start/stop movements) |
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Parkinson's Disease Manifestations
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-resting tremors (all times)
-muscular rigidity -difficulty initiating movement (changing directions & stopping) -postural instability |
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Parkinson's Disease Signs & Symptoms
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Early:
-fatigue, muscle weakness & aching -less spontaneous changes in facial expression Later: -tremors in hands at rest -tremors affect hands, feet, face, tongue & lips -lack of associated movements (arm swinging) -shuffling gait Other: -orthostatic hypotension -dementia -common UTIs & URIs |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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degeneration the upper & lower motor neurons in spinal cord & cerebral cortex
-UMN - spastic paralysis & hyperreflexia -LMN- flaccid paralysis, decreased muslce tone & relexes (later muscles of palate, pharynx & tongue) -death due to respiratory failure *no cure* |
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Myasthenia Gravis
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*mainly women 20-30*
autoimmune disorder -antibodies to acetylcholine (Ach) receptors form causing destruction of receptors at NMJ -facial & ocular muscles affected 1st then arm & trunk muscles -muscle fatigue increases as day progresses |
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Myastehnia Gravis Diagnosis & treatment
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Tests:
-edrophonium test (ACE inhibitor - destroys Ach) treatment: -antichinesterase agents (improvement of neuormuscular transmission) -glucocorticoids - immune suppression -plasmapheresis (removal of antibodies from blood - temporary) |
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Myasthenic crisis
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involves respiratory muscles
*emergency* |
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Dementia
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syndrome of intellectual deterioration severe enough to interfere w/ occupational & social performance
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dementia types
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-alzheimer's
-multi-infarct dementia (vascular dementia) -huntington disease -AIDS dementia |
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Alzheimer's
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*most common*
-neurofibrillary tangles & plagues -acetylecholine deficit -brain atrophy -no definite diagnostic tests (diagnosed by exclusion) |
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Alzheimer's stages
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1st stage (2-4yrs): short-term memory loss, behavioral changes
2nd stage (confusional stage): may last several years; disorientation, lack of insight, wandering, impaired problem solving & language use 3rd stage (1-2yrs): mute, immobile, incontinent, inability to recognize family & friends |
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Multi-Infarct dementia (vascular dementia)
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multiple brain infarctions
-older than 70 -more common in HTN -slowly develop memory loss |
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Herniated intervertebral disc
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nucleus pulposus squeezes out of place & herniates posteriorly toward intervetegral foramen & compresses spinal nerve
-causes: trauma, aging, degenerative changes (OA) Most common location: lumbosacral, cervical |
