Patho Chapter 7 Neoplasia

Front 1

why can some benign tumors be life threatening?

Back 1

If it causes pressure on the brain or blocks an airway or blood vessel

Front 2

Why are histologic exams done

Back 2

determine its benign or malignant nature

Front 3

What surrounds benign tumors?

Back 3

connective tissue

Front 4

A lack of differentiated features in cancer cells is

Back 4

anaplasia

Front 5

Malignant characteristics

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proliferate despite the lack of growth, unlimited replication, lose their differentiated features and contribute poorly or not at all, fast replication, overrun their neighbors, migrate from origin

Front 6

Where do most cancer cells arise

Back 6

stem cells

Front 7

Cancer accounts for % of all deaths in the us

Back 7

25%

Front 8

Screening guidelines for Breast Cancer

Back 8

yr mammograms starting at 40.
3yr breast exam for women in 20-30.

Front 9

Screening guidelines for colon and rectum cancer

Back 9

at 50 men and women should get:
FOBT, fecal immunochemical test(FIT), (FSIG), colonoscopy 10yrs. if there is a risk then consider a more frequent schedule.

Front 10

Prostate screening begins at

Back 10

50. But 45 if there is a risk. (AAM)

Front 11

How is alcohol related to cancer growth

Back 11

The alcohol affects the function of the liver which in turn affects the ability to metabolize harmful substances.

Front 12

Over-activity of the gene contributes to cancer (gain of function mutations) is called

Back 12

proto-genes,

Front 13

too litte gene activity. (loss of function mutations)

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tumor suppression genes

Front 14

Overproduction of stimulatory growth factors by a mutant proto-oncogene can shift the balance of signals and produce excessive self-stimulated growth happen in

Back 14

Growth factor (mitogens)

Front 15

explain the affect of abnormal growth factor receptors

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The excessive amount of receptors allow for increased growth because of the amount of opportunities for binding

Front 16

Cytoplasmic signaling pathways

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excessive or abnormal components of the intracellular signaling pathways (ie ras

Front 17

How does transcription factors affect cancer

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mutaitons in transcription factors genes may cause overproduction of transcription factors or interfere with normal mechanisms

Front 18

Explain the proto-oncogene to oncogene

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activated oncogenes when mutations alter their activity so that proliferation-promoting signals are generated inappropriately

Front 19

What are tumor suppression genes

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These are component of the inhibitory machinery. Cancer is subject risk in the absence of these genes

Front 20

Rb is a

Back 20

a tumor suppression gene

Front 21

The "master break" of the cell cycle. It blocks cell division by binding transcription factors and thereby inhibiting them from transcribing

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Rb gene

Front 22

The P53 Gene

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Most common tumor suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells. Binds to damaged DNA AND STALLS cell division, presumably to allow time for DNA repair before replication

Front 23

BRCA1 AND BRCA2

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The breast cancer genes. (tumor suppression gene that are defected breast cancer

Front 24

Carcinogensis steps

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initiation-events are thought to be a genetic mutation that inappropriately activte pro-oncogenes
promotion-stage during which the mutant cell proliferates progression-begins to express malignant behavior

Front 25

Malignant happens by what pathway systems

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circulatory flow, lymph system

Front 26

Angiogenesis

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The process of forming new blood vessels. Tumors cannot enlarge more than about 2mm in diameter unless they grow blood vessels

Front 27

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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this is what the tumor secretes in order for angiogenesis to occur

Front 28

Grading of tumors

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characterization of tumors cells and is basically a determination of the degree of anaplasia.

Front 29

Staging of tumors

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describes the location and pattern of spread of a tumor within the host. TNM (tumor, node, metastasis

Front 30

What does the Ct and MRI do in tumor identification

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rely primarily on detection of differences in tissue density and are therefore not totally specific for tumors

Front 31

what does PET scan do for diagnosis of tumors

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it facilitates cancer dection based on molecular and biochemical processes with the tumor tissue

Front 32

As the tumor size increase what are some changes in the body

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pain, cachexia, immune suppression, and infection.

Front 33

Once treatment has begun what are some of the issues that a cancer patient must face

Back 33

hair loss and sloughing of mucosal membranes

Front 34

Cancer pain is most likely due to?

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invasion of metastatic cells into organs or bone and subsequent activation of pain and pressure

Front 35

Cachexia

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refers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness

Front 36

What is the effect of hypermetabolic cells on nutrition status

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nutrients are mobilized from fat and protein stores in the body and consumed by the hypermetabolic cells

Front 37

What is bone marrow suppression (anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia) due to

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invasion and destruction of blood-forming cells in the bone morrow, poor nutrition, and chemotherapy

Front 38

Radiation Therapy keys

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kills cells by damaging their nuclear DNA.
May kill indirectly be apoptosis.
Radiation my be used to shrink tumors and relieve pain

Front 39

Drug Therapy Keys

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More rapid cells are most susceptible to the killing effects of chem.
Less likely to work on genes with p53 mutations.
continual treatment because of cell cycle

Front 40

The therapeutic goal of stem cell transplantation is to restore...

Back 40

immune and hematopoietic function